tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24564589565114850772023-11-16T05:39:06.743-08:00Recycle RubberRubber Powder and Reclaimed RubberCV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-58998244606161861662013-10-13T22:16:00.002-07:002013-10-13T22:16:48.736-07:00Recycle TiresCV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-3363581233396342852012-04-12T21:42:00.001-07:002012-04-12T21:42:23.890-07:00Rubber Powder (dayaguna.cv, Indonesia)<a href="http://www.manufacturer.com/product/m6939233-Rubber+Powder+.html#.T4eub3kKhGw.blogger">Rubber Powder (dayaguna.cv, Indonesia)</a>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-82809430444365923502012-04-12T07:08:00.000-07:002012-04-12T08:09:01.766-07:00<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> 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mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Materials Sciences and Applications</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">, 2011, 2, 486-496</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">doi:10.4236/msa.2011.25066 Published Online May 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/msa)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Copyright © 2011 SciRes. </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">MSA</span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Processing and Material Characteristics of a</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Reclaimed Ground Rubber Tire Reinforced</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Styrene Butadiene Rubber</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Debapriya De</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">1*</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">, Debasish De</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">2</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">1</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Chemistry Department, MCKV Institute of Engineering, Liluah, India; </span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">2</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Chemistry Department, Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Kolkata, India.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Email: debapriyad2001@yahoo.com</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Received January 21</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">st</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">, 2011; revised May 6</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">th</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">, 2011; accepted May 12</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">th</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">, 2011.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">ABSTRACT</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Mechanochemically partially devulcanized ground rubber tire </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">(</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">GRT</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">) </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">was revulcanized in composition with virgin styrene butadiene rubber </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">(</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">SBR</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">)</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">. Reclaiming of GRT was carried out by tetra methyl thiuram disulfide </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">(</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">TMTD</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">) </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">in presence of spindle oil. The cure characteristics and tensile properties of SBR compounds were investigated. Results indicate that the minimum torque and Mooney viscosity of the SBR compounds increase with increasing reclaim rubber </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">(</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">RR</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">) </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">loading whereas the scorch time remain unaltered but optimum cure time exhibit a decreasing trend. Increasing RR loading also gives SBR compounds better resistance towards swelling but the </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">100% </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">modulus</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">, 200% </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">modulus tensile strength, and the elongation at break increases. Thermogravimetric analysis of SBR/RR vulcanizates was carried out in order to get thermal stability of the vulcanizates. Scanning electron microscopy </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">(</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">SEM</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">) </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">studies further indicate the coherency and homogeneity in the SBR/RR vulcanizates.</span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">1. Introduction</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Dwindling source and rising price of crude oil have become a serious concern for availability of feed stock to the synthetic rubber industry. Huge quantities of rubbers are used in tire industry and the world’s rubber markets are dominated by two rubbers – one being natural rubber (NR) and the other being styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). Among different rubbers, tire industry consumed largest quantity of SBR which is mainly used in car tire tread. But after a long run when these tires are not serviceable only a few grams or kilograms of rubber are abraded out from the tire. The entire amount of rubber from the worn-out tires is discarded, which again require very long time for environmental degradation due to cross- link structure of rubbers. Various approaches such as land filling [1], incineration [2], pyrolysis [3,4], civil engineering [5,6] applications etc. have been adopted for reuse of waste discarded rubber products. But in almost all the applications no value is added from the product side. Tire recycling or reclaiming are one of the preferable routes, according to the so-called waste management hierarchy, under environmental aspect. The recycling of<span style=""> </span>tires not only saves our valuable resource of petroleum from which the synthetic rubbers are originated, but also protects our precious environment. Thus reclaiming of tires in alternative applications is actually the use of base polymer in new formulations with simultaneous cost saving in raw material and preserving both natural resource and environment. Incorporation and dispersion of reclaim rubber in fresh rubber play important roles towards the product quality, production economy and market competition. Compatibility of reclaim rubber with virgin rubber is an essential requirement for optimum mechanical properties of the vulcanizates. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the performances of such fresh rubber/reclaim rubber blends. In a review paper the author [7] have discussed the various reclaiming processes of vulcanized rubber in presence of different chemicals. The mechanical reclaiming of GRT by TMTD as reclaiming agent was studied by the author [8]. Here the extent of reclaiming was monitored by measurement of sol content, inherent viscosity of sol rubber, crosslink density and Mooney vis</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Processing and Material Characteristics of a Reclaimed Ground Rubber Tire Reinforced Styrene Butadiene Rubber </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">cosity of reclaim rubber as function of milling time and concentration of reclaiming agent. The optimization of the reclaiming agent concentration and time of reclaiming was also reported. The performance evaluations of such type of reclaim rubber/virgin natural rubber blend was also studied [9] by the author. In this paper mechanochemically partially devulcanized GRT was blended with fresh NR in 20% - 60% level. The reclaim rubber, prepared in this investigation, when blended with fresh NR has been found to reduce the tensile strength by about 7% for 20% reclaim containing vulcanizate and 46% for 60% reclaim containing vulcanizate. It is observed that the aging performances of the reclaim rubber containing vulcanizates are better than the control formulation,which does not contain any reclaim rubber. TGA shows that the thermal stability of the vulcanizate increases with increasing reclaim rubber content. Noordermeer </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">et al. </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">[10] reclaimed waste latex rubber by diphenyl disulfide, 2-aminopheny disulfide and 2, 2'-dibenzamidodiphenyl disulfide as a function of concentration of reclaiming agent, time and temperature. The comparative study of the reclaiming efficiency of the three reclaiming agents was carried out. From the study it was evident that 2, 2'-dibenzamidodiphenyl disulfide is able to break the crosslink bonds at around 20°C. Sombatsompop and Kumnuantrip [11,12] incorporated reclaim rubber from tire tread into two grades of NR and investigated</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">various properties of the blend. They found that Mooney number, shear viscosity and cure rate increased with RR content but optimum cure time is independent of it. Sreeja and Kutty [13] studied the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of NR/RR blends, using the EV system. They reported that scorch time and tensileproperties of the blend reduced with RR loading. The curing characteristics and mechanical properties of SBR/RR blend system was reported by the author [14]. Here reclaiming of waste rubber was carried by a simple process with an eco-friendly renewable resource material [15,16]. The main constituent of this material is diallyl disulfide. Other constituents are disulfides, mono sulfides, poly sulfides and thiol compounds. Nevatia </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">et al. </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">[17] mixed RR with recycled poly ethylene and evaluated physical properties, dynamic mechanical properties and rheological behaviors of the blend. They reported that 50/50, RR/PE vulcanizate showed optimum processibility, ultimate elongation and set properties. Here sulfur- accelerator cured system gave superior product properties</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">than peroxide cured system. This paper describes a new elastomer products based on virgin SBR and reclaimed GRT. Initial step involves the mechanochemical reclaiming of GRT by TMTD and subsequent incorporation of reclaimed GRT into virgin</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">SBR in different proportion. The (re)vulcanization of different SBR/RR blends was found to give a new low cost product with adequate properties. The term (re)vulcanization was used because there are two simultaneous processes such as vulcanization of the virgin rubber and (re)vulcanization of partially devulcanized GRT and even the co-vulcanization of them. Curing characteristics and mechanical properties before and after aging of SBR/RR blend system have been studied. Thermal behavior of RR, SBR and different SBR/RR vulcanizates wasalso studied. Finally the dispersion of reclaim rubber into SBR was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">2. Experimental</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">2.1. Materials</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">GRT, purchased from local market was used in this investigation. The GRT was an unclassified ground rubber from the tread and side walls of passenger and truck tires.The particles of GRT were of various sizes ranging from a few millimeters to 100 microns. Styrene butadiene rubber<span style=""> </span>(SBR 1502, Synthetics & Chemicals Ltd. India), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) (Alpha Chemika, Maharashtra, India), zinc oxide (S. D. Fine Chem. India),stearic acid (Loba Chemi. India), sulfur (S. D. Fine Chem. India), spindle oil (MCI, India), carbon black (N330,Philips Carbon Ltd. India) and toluene (S. D. Fine Chem. India) were used as received.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">2.2. Experimental Procedure</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">The optimization of reaction conditions and the concentration of TMTD used for reclaiming of GRT were reported in the author’s previous work [8]. Hundred grams of ground rubber was thoroughly mixed with 2.75 g TMTD and 10 mL spindle oil. The mixture was then reclaimed mechanically in an open two-roll mixing mill at a friction ratio of 1.2 for 40 minutes near ambient temperature. It has been found that with progress of milling the materials become soft, sticky and band formation occurs on the roll. The extent of reclaiming was monitored by measurement of sol content (30.3%), inherent viscosity of sol rubber (0.3944), crosslink density (6.587 × 10</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">−4 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">mol/cm</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">3</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">), molecular weight between crosslink bonds (33.093 × 10</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">3</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">), swelling ratio (4.099) and Mooneyviscosity [ML (1 + 4) 100°C] (70.6) of reclaim rubber</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">2.3. Preparation of SBR/RR Vulcanizates</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Mixing of fresh SBR, various proportions of reclaim rubber and compounding ingredients was carried out for 15 minutes at room temperature on an open two-roll mixing mill. Compound formulations are presented in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Table 1</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">. The amount of add itives such as ZnO, stearic </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Processing and Material Characteristics of a Reclaimed Ground Rubber Tire Reinforced Styrene Butadiene Rubber</span><b><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Table 1. Mix formulation and curing characteristics of SBR/RR Compounds.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Ingredients (phr) <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">1 <span style=""> </span>2 <span style=""> </span>3 <span style=""> </span>4 <span style=""> </span>5 <span style=""> </span>6 <span style=""> </span>7 <span style=""> </span>8 <span style=""> </span>9 <span style=""> </span>10</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Styrene Butadiene rubber (SBR) <span style=""> </span>100 <span style=""> </span>80 <span style=""> </span>70 <span style=""> </span>60 <span style=""> </span>50 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>100 <span style=""> </span>80 <span style=""> </span>80 <span style=""> </span>80</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Reclaim rubber (RR) <span style=""> </span>- <span style=""> </span>20 <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>50 <span style=""> </span>60 <span style=""> </span>- <span style=""> </span>20 <span style=""> </span>20 <span style=""> </span>20</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Zinc oxide <span style=""> </span>5 <span style=""> </span>5 <span style=""> </span>5 <span style=""> </span>5 <span style=""> </span>5 <span style=""> </span>5 <span style=""> </span>5 <span style=""> </span>5 <span style=""> </span>5 <span style=""> </span>5</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Stearic acid <span style=""> </span>2 <span style=""> </span>2 <span style=""> </span>2 <span style=""> </span>2 <span style=""> </span>2 <span style=""> </span>2 <span style=""> </span>2 <span style=""> </span>2 <span style=""> </span>2 <span style=""> </span>2</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">TMTD <span style=""> </span>2.16 <span style=""> </span>1.61 <span style=""> </span>1.335 <span style=""> </span>1.06 <span style=""> </span>0.785 <span style=""> </span>0.51 <span style=""> </span>2.16 <span style=""> </span>1.61 <span style=""> </span>1.61 <span style=""> </span>1.61</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Sulfur <span style=""> </span>0.5<span style=""> </span> 0.5 <span style=""> </span>0.5 <span style=""> </span>0.5 <span style=""> </span>0.5 <span style=""> </span>0.5 <span style=""> </span>0.5 <span style=""> </span>0.5 <span style=""> </span>0.5 <span style=""> </span>0.5</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">carbon Black (N330) <span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span> -<span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span> -<span style=""> </span> -<span style=""> </span> 40 <span style=""> </span>20 <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>40</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Spindle oil <span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span> -<span style=""> </span> -<span style=""> </span> -<span style=""> </span> -<span style=""> </span> -<span style=""> </span> 4<span style=""> </span> 2<span style=""> </span> 3<span style=""> </span> 4</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Curing Characteristics</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Optimum cure time (t</span><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">90</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">, min) <span style=""> </span>7.5 <span style=""> </span>5.5 <span style=""> </span>5.25 <span style=""> </span>4.75 <span style=""> </span>4.5 <span style=""> </span>4.25 <span style=""> </span>10 <span style=""> </span>5.25 <span style=""> </span>6.0 <span style=""> </span>4.5</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Scorch time (t</span><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">s2</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">, min) <span style=""> </span>1.5 <span style=""> </span>0.5 <span style=""> </span>1.0 <span style=""> </span>1.0 <span style=""> </span>1.0 <span style=""> </span>1.0 <span style=""> </span>0.5 <span style=""> </span>0.5 <span style=""> </span>0.5 <span style=""> </span>0.5</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Extent of cure, (dNm) <span style=""> </span>49 <span style=""> </span>54.2<span style=""> </span> 55.5 <span style=""> </span>55.6 <span style=""> </span>56 <span style=""> </span>58 <span style=""> </span>68.5<span style=""> </span> 58 <span style=""> </span>63 <span style=""> </span>68</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Cure rate index, (min</span><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">−1</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">) <span style=""> </span>16.7 <span style=""> </span>20 <span style=""> </span>23.5 <span style=""> </span>26.7 <span style=""> </span>28.<span style=""> </span>6 30.<span style=""> </span>8 10.<span style=""> </span>5 21 <span style=""> </span>18.2 <span style=""> </span>25</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Mechanical Properties</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">100 % Modulus, MPa <span style=""> </span>1.255 <span style=""> </span>1.59 <span style=""> </span>1.62 <span style=""> </span>2.10 <span style=""> </span>2.13 <span style=""> </span>2.28 <span style=""> </span>3.5 <span style=""> </span>2.146 <span style=""> </span>3.267 <span style=""> </span>4.196</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">200 % Modulus, MPa <span style=""> </span>1.698 <span style=""> </span>2.25 <span style=""> </span>2.31 <span style=""> </span>3.08 <span style=""> </span>3.19 <span style=""> </span>3.32 <span style=""> </span>5.477 <span style=""> </span>3.264 <span style=""> </span>4.985 <span style=""> </span>6.465</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Tensile Strength, MPa <span style=""> </span>2.335 <span style=""> </span>2.781 <span style=""> </span>2.974 <span style=""> </span>3.835<span style=""> </span> 4.573 <span style=""> </span>5.017 <span style=""> </span>12.014 <span style=""> </span>7.515 <span style=""> </span>9.946 <span style=""> </span>12.577</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">% Elongation at break <span style=""> </span>432 <span style=""> </span>377 <span style=""> </span>382 <span style=""> </span>390 <span style=""> </span>427 <span style=""> </span>445 <span style=""> </span>537 <span style=""> </span>587 <span style=""> </span>521 <span style=""> </span>509</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Hardness, (Shore A) <span style=""> </span>50 <span style=""> </span>60 <span style=""> </span>65 <span style=""> </span>64 <span style=""> </span>62 <span style=""> </span>60 <span style=""> </span>65 <span style=""> </span>60 <span style=""> </span>63 <span style=""> </span>65</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Crosslinking value, (1/Q) <span style=""> </span>0.238 <span style=""> </span>0.292 <span style=""> </span>0.324 <span style=""> </span>0.358 <span style=""> </span>0.376 <span style=""> </span>0.406 <span style=""> </span>0.300 <span style=""> </span>0.300 <span style=""> </span>0.325 <span style=""> </span>0.337</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Mooney Viscosity [ML (1 + 4) 100°C] <span style=""> </span>40.7 <span style=""> </span>51.0 <span style=""> </span>65.7 <span style=""> </span>70.6 <span style=""> </span>71.8 <span style=""> </span>75.0<span style=""> </span> -<span style=""> </span> -<span style=""> </span> -<span style=""> </span> -</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">acid and sulfur were used based on 100 g of rubber irrespective of the amount of reclaim rubber, because it was reported that the additives in reclaim rubber originated from parent compound are inactive [18]. Theamount of TMTD was maintained at 9 m mol in all the vulcanizates based on the amount of TMTD used during reclaiming of GRT. This is due to the fact that in sulfur, TMTD vulcanization system the optimum concentration of TMTD is chosen as 9 m mol </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">i.e. </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">2.16 g per hundred gm of fresh rubber (</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">i.e. </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">RR and SBR). Formulation 1 contains no reclaim rubber and formulation 2 - 6 contains different proportion of reclaim rubber from 20 - 60 wt%.In order to study the effect of carbon black, various proportion of carbon black was added in SBR/RR (80/20) blend system. Formulation 7 contains only SBR with 40 phr carbon black and formulation 8 - 10 contain different </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Processing and Material Characteristics of a Reclaimed Ground Rubber Tire Reinforced Styrene Butadiene Rubber</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"><span style=""> </span>proportion of carbon black (20, 30 and 40 phr) in SBR/RR blend. It has been observed that with increase in the proportion of carbon black its incorporation and dispersion become gradually difficult. With higher proportion of carbon black loading the compounds become stiff and the temperature rises due to high shearing action required for better dispersion. The cure characteristics of SBR/RR compounds were determined with the help of a Monsanto Oscillating Disc Rheometer, R-100 at 160°C. It has been found that all cure curves were level off in the region of 60 minutes, where torque-time gradient of each sample was constant or did not change significantly. The compounded rubber stock were then cured in a compression molding machine at 160°C and at applied pressure of 34.5 MPa for the respective optimum cure time (</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">t </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">= </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">t</span></i><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">90</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">) obtained from rheographs. After curing, the vulcanized sheet was taken out of the mold and immediately<span style=""> </span>cooled under tap to restrict from further curing.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">2.4. Measurement of Mechanical Properties</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">The mechanical properties such as modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break was measured by a Hounsfield, model H10 KS tensile testing machine as per ASTM D 412-51T at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) at a uniform speed of separation 500 mm/min. Hardness (Shore A) of the vulcanizates were measured by a Hirosima Hardness tester as per ASTM D 1415-56T. The values reported were based on the average of five measurement of each sample. The aging characteristics of the vulcanizates was evaluated by accelerated aging test in an air aging oven at 100 ± 2°C after 24, 48 and 72 h aging. Mooney viscosities of rubber compounds were determined by a Monsanto Mooney viscometer 2000 at ML (1 + 4) 100°C as per ASTM D 1646</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">2.5. Swelling Value of the Vulcanizates</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">The swelling value (</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Q</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">) was determined with about 0.5 g<span style=""> </span>of cured samples (accurately weighed). The sample was immersed in 250 mL toluene for 72 h to attain equilibrium swelling. After equilibrium swelling the sample was taken out and the solvent was blotted from the surface of the sample and weighed immediately. It was then dried under vacuum at 100°C upto constant weight. The crosslinking value of the vulacanizates was calculated from the following equation [19]. where </span><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">S </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">, </span><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">D </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">, </span><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">O </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">W W W </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">and </span><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">F </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">W </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">are swollen weight, dried weight, weight of the original sample and formula weight respectively. Formula weight ( </span><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">F </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">W </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">) is the total weight of rubber plus compounding ingredients based on 100 parts of rubber.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">2.6. Determination of Crosslink Density</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">The crosslink densities of SBR/RR vulcanizates were determined by the Flory-Rehner equation [20] by using swelling value measurement.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black;"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">where </span><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">r </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">V </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">is the volume fraction of rubber in the swollen gel, </span><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">S </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">V </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">is the molar volume of the toluene (106.2 cm</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">3</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">·mol</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">−1 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">in this study), </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; color: black;"></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: SymbolMT; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">is the rubber-solvent interaction parameter(0.378 in this study), </span><i><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">swell </span></i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; color: black;"></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: SymbolMT; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">is cross-link density ofthe rubber (mol·cm</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">−3</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">) and </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">f </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">is functionality of the crosslinks (being 4 for sulphur curing system).The volume fraction of a rubber network in the swollen phase is calculated from equilibrium swelling data as: where </span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">1 </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">W </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">is the weight fraction of solvent, </span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">1 </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">d </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">is the density of the solvent, </span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">2 </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">W </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">is the weight fraction of the polymer in the swollen specimen and </span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">2 </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">d </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">is the density of the polymer.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">2.7. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">The thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) of SBR/RR vulcanizate was carried out by using a TGA 50, Shimadzu, Japan, thermo-gravimetric analyzer in nitrogen (flow rate 50 mL/min) within the temperature range of 20 to 800°C.All these analysis were carried out at heating rate of 10°C/min.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">2.8. Scanning Electron Microscopy</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">The tensile fracture surface of the samples were studied in scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JEOL, JSM5800) at 0</span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">° </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">tilt angle after coating the surface with sputtered gold.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">3. Results and Discussion</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">3.1. Curing Characteristics</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Curing characteristics of different SBR/RR blend system and SBR/RR (80/20) blend system with various proportions of carbon black loading are given in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Table 1</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">. The optimum cure time decreases but scorch time remain unaltered with increase in reclaim rubber content in all </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Processing and Material Characteristics of a Reclaimed Ground Rubber Tire Reinforced Styrene Butadiene Rubber </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">the cases. From </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Table 1 </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">it has been found that with increase in the proportion of reclaim rubber extent of cure increases due to the presence of crosslinked gel in the reclaim rubber. It is also evident that with increase in carbon black loading the optimum cure time and scorch time remain unaffected but extent of cure increases with increasing carbon black loading.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">3.2. Tensile Properties of Rubber Compound</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">The stress-strain behavior of SBR/RR vulcanizates with various proportion of reclaim rubber are shown in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure1</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">. The moduli at 100% and 200% elongation increases with increasing reclaim rubber content in all the SBR/RR vulcanizates. The stress strain was decreased with increasing reclaim rubber content. From the Figure it is shown that the stress-strain of SBR/RR vulcanizates was decreased after 50% elongation compare to that of the fresh SBR vulcanizate. Tensile properties, Mooney viscosity and crosslinking value of the SBR/RR vulcanizates are presented in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Table 1</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">. From the values in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Table 1 </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">it is seen that moduli at 100% and 200% elongation, tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness increases with increasing reclaim rubber content. The reason for higher 100% and 200% moduli may be due to higher crosslink density (</span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 2</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">) of the vulcanizates, arising out of the gel present in reclaim rubber or may be due to the presence of active functional sites in reclaim rubber which may participate in crosslinking during the process of vulcanization. As crosslink density of the vulcanizates increases with increasing reclaim rubber content, chain mobility decreases and more load is required for 100% and 200% elongation. The increasing value of tensile strength with reclaim rubber content is probably due to the presence of carbon black left in the reclaimrubber [12]. It is known [7,21,22] that the partial devulcanization of ground rubber tire (GRT) facilitates the interface adhesion between the surface chains of reclaim rubber (RR) particles and surrounding rubber matrix due to their co-crosslinking in the interphase layer. The increase in the value of elongation at break with reclaim rubber content can indicate a better compatibility in interphase layer of the rubber matrix and reclaimed rubberparticles [23,24]. The growth of the values of hardness<span style=""> </span>observed at increasing RR content in SBR/RR (re)vulcanizates obviously evidences of more intensive post vulcanization process in the blends due to presence of additional sulfur released at the devulcanization of GRT [15].Effect of carbon black loading was studied in SBR/RR (80/20) blend system. It is seen that with increase in carbon</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">black loading 100% and 200% moduli, tensile strength increases. This can be explained by corresponding increase in crosslinking value data. The higher crosslinking value of the vulcanizates is conclusive evidence</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 1. Stress – Strain behavior of SBR/RR blend system.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 2. Crosslink density of SBR/RR blend system as a</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">function of reclaim rubber content and carbon black loading.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">for the presence of a network with a greater number of filler polymer interactions, constraining molecular mobility in the polymer. The tensile strength of 40 phr carbon black loaded SBR/RR (80/20) vulcanizate is higher compared to that of the control formulation 7 </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">i.e. </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">vulcanizate containing no reclaim rubber. Elongation at break decreases with increasing carbon black loading. Hardness increases because with increasing carbon black loading vulcanizates become stiff and hard. The increase in the value of Mooney viscosity with carbon black loading further indicates that the processing of the rubber compoundbecome difficult if higher amount of carbon black is incorporated into the rubber matrix.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">3.3. Effect of Thermal Aging</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">The aging characteristics of SBR/RR vulcanizates should </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Processing and Material Characteristics of a Reclaimed Ground Rubber Tire Reinforced Styrene Butadiene Rubber </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">be given proper attention because reclaim rubber itself is a degraded mass. Thus accelerated aging test were performed for SBR/RR vulcanizates. Percent retention of 100% and 200% modulus are shown in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figures 3 </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">and </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">4</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">.In all the cases it was observed that percent retention of 100% and 200% modulus increases with increasing reclaim rubber content and with progress of aging. This may be due to residual crosslinking during progress of aging which is further enhanced due to the presence of reclaim rubber, containing active functional sites. Percent retention of tensile strength is shown in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 5</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">. From the figure it is evident that percent retention of tensile strength decreases with progress of aging but increases with increasing reclaim rubber content at a particular time of aging. This may be due to increasing crosslink density of the vulcanizates with progress of aging. The percent retention of elongation at break for the various SBR/RR systems at different RR content after aging is shown in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 6</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">. But percent retention of elongation at break values at higher reclaim content such as 50 and 60 wt% reduces considerably; this is a result of both thermooxidative degradation and post vulcanization of SBR/RR (re)vulcanizates studied. Percent retention of hardness is shown in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 7</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">. With progress of aging as the vulcanizates become stiff therefore hardness increases.Effect of carbon black loading on % retention of properties after 72 h aged SBR/RR (80/20) blend system was shown in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 8</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">. The percent retention value of both 100% and 200% modulus continuously increases with increasing carbon black loading. But the percent retention values of tensile strength and elongation at break shows a different behavior. Both the properties shows maximum percent retention values for 20 phr carbon black loading compared to that of the control formulation.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 5. Effect of reclaim rubber content on % retention of</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Tensile Strength.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">However, for 30 and 40 phr carbon black loading the percent retention values considerably decreases due toaging. Although the percent retention of tensile strength for 30 and 40 phr carbon black loading is not less than that of the control formulation. It is seen from </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 8 </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">that percent retention of hardness was almost constant<span style=""> </span>with increasing carbon black loading. These results show the effectiveness of 20 phr carbon black in the SBR/RR (80/20) blend system. Thus the aging performances of formulation containing reclaim rubber are superior than that of the control formulation which does not contain any reclaim rubber. This phenomenon indicates the antiaging characteristics of reclaim rubber.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">3.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Thermal degradation of different SBR/RR vulcanizates </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Processing and Material Characteristics of a Reclaimed Ground Rubber Tire Reinforced Styrene Butadiene Rubber</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 7. Effect of reclaim rubber content on % retention of</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Hardness.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">in inert atmosphere was analyzed and corresponding resultsare given in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 9</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">. The thermogravimetric analysis were performed in nitrogen atmosphere, which shows only thermal degradation behavior compare to the combine effect of thermal as well as termooxidative degradation in presence of oxygen or air. The tempera- ture interval of degradation stages evaluated from DTG curves, temperature of the stages maximum rate of degradation, sample weight loss at the temperatures and char residue values are listed in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Table 2</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">. All SBR/RR blend system shows two characteristic degradation peak in DTG curve between 320°C - 530°C (</span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 9</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">). But for all the vulcanizates initial weight loss occurs between 50 - 300°C. Pure SBR shows 3.6% wt loss up to 300°C whereas with increase in reclaim rubber content it goes up to 10% for SBR/RR blend system. This initial weight loss under N</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">2</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 8. Effect of carbon black loading on % Retention of</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">properties after 72 h aged SBR/RR (80/20) blend system.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">atmosphere between 50°C - 300°C is due to the volatilization of processing oil or any other low boiling point component present in pure and blend system. As reclaim rubber contain large amount of processing additives compare to virgin rubber, so with increasing reclaim rubber content initial weight loss increases from 3.6% to 10%. As RR contain some NR for that reason SBR/RR blend shows two distinct peak in DTG curve which was also observed for NR/SBR blend system [25]. Pure SBR shows 10.57% wt loss in 1</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">st </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">degradation step. With increase in reclaim rubber content % wt loss in 1</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">st </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">degradation step gradually increases and maximum 24.13% was observed at 40phr SBR containing SBR/RR blend system. 1</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">st </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">degradation was faster with increase in RR content in SBR/RR blend system. Low temperature degradation was much pronounced with increase in RR content in SBR/RR blend system. If we compare our TGA results with pure RR system, it was observed that reclaim rubber shows three steps degradation. Out of three steps, 2</span><sup><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">nd</span></sup><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">degradation step occurs in between 334.4°C - 507.5°C. Actually 2</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">nd </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">degradation step of pure reclaim rubber partially merge with the 1</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">st </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">degradation step of SBR/RR blend system. As a result of which % wt loss increases in 1</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">st </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">degradation step of SBR/RR blend system with increase in reclaim rubber content. But in case of second degradation the complete opposite train was observed. Pure SBR shows around 80% weight loss in second degradation step. This is the characteristic degradation peak for pure SBR in thermo-gravimetric analysis. The % wt. loss of blend vulcanizates is decreased in 2</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">nd </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">degradation step with increase in reclaim rubber content. This may be due to the low SBR content in SBR/RR blend system. The same reason was also ap</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Processing and Material Characteristics of a Reclaimed Ground Rubber Tire Reinforced Styrene Butadiene Rubber</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">3.5. SEM Study</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Scanning electron micrograph of the tensile fractured surface of fresh SBR and different SBR/RR vulcanizates are displayed in </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Figure 10</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">. The micrograph of fresh SBR vulcanizate showed homogeneous surface morphology. Whereas in the reclaim rubber containing vulcanizates several number of crack paths in different directions was observed which is making the vulcanizate susceptible under mechanical stress. Here in case of reclaim rubber containing vulcanizate, the fracture mode showed the failure mode that was less rubbery in nature, due to highercross link density of the vulcanizate.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">4. Conclusions</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">Mechanochemical reclaiming of GRT was carried out by multifunctional reclaiming agent, TMTD. The reclaimed rubber prepared in this investigation, when mixed with fresh SBR has been found to increase the tensile strength by about 19% for 20% reclaim containing vulcanizateand 115% for 60% reclaim containing vulcanizates. It isobserved that the aging characteristics of the reclaim rubber containing vulcanizates are superior compared to that of the control formulation, which does not contain any reclaim rubber. TGA shows that the thermal stability of the vulcanizate increases with increasing reclaim rubber proportion. SEM studies indicate that reclaim rubber containing vulcanizates are vulnerable under mechanical stress. Another advantage of this reclaiming agent is the reduced smell during the reclamation process and of the final reclaims, one of the most important short comings of other disulfides used for this purpose.</span></p><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">5. Acknowledgements</span></b> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">The authors, Debapriya De thankfully acknowledge the financial support by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, India for carrying out the present research work.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">REFERENCES</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">[1] F. G. Smith, “Rubber ACS Division,” Meeting, IRC, Orlando, 26-28 October 1993.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">[2] H. F. Mark, N. M. Bikales, C. G. Overberger and G.Menges, “Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering,”Vol. 14, Wiley, New York, 1988, pp. 787-804.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">[3] A. A. Merchant and M. A. Petrich, “Pyrolysis of ScrapTires and Conversion of Chars to Activated Carbon,”</span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">AIChE Journal</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">, Vol. 39, No. 8, 1993, pp. 1370-1376.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: blue;">doi:10.1002/aic.690390814</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">[4] J. P. Lin, C. Y. Chang and C. H. Wu, “PyrolyticTreatment of Rubber Waste: Pyrolysis Kinetics of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber,” </span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">, Vol. 66, No. 1, 1996, pp. 7-14.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: blue;">doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199605)66:1<7::AID-JCT</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: blue;">B474>3.0.CO;2-I</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">[5] I. A. Hussein, H. I. A. Wahhab and M. H. Iqbal,“Influence of Polymer Type and Structure on PolymerModified Asphalt Concrete Mix,” </span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">The Canadian Journalof Chemical Engineering</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">, Vol. 84, No. 4, 2006, pp. 480-</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: black;">487. </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; color: blue;">doi:10.1002/cjce.5450840409</span></p> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-15250408719593635342012-04-09T19:33:00.002-07:002012-04-10T00:39:43.120-07:00<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">New Concepts for the Continuous</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Mixing of Powder Rubber</span></span><br />by<br />Ali Amash*, Martin Bogun and Robert-H. Schuster<br />Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie e. V.,<br />Eupener Straße 33, 30519 Hannover, Germany<br />and<br />Udo Görl and Martin Schmitt<br />Pulver Kautschuk Union GmbH (PKU), 45772 Marl, Germany<br />Paper presented at the<br />International Rubber Conference, IRC 2001<br />Co-ordinated by the Rubber Division of the Institute of Materials.<br />Organised by IOM Communications Ltd.<br />12 - 14 June 2001<br />ICC, Birmingham, UK<br />* speaker<br />V_0287ama.10@<br /></div><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Abstract</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The development of a continuous mixing process for NR powder rubber compounds on the twin-screw extruder requires an appropriate screw configuration taking advantages of various types of screw elements used for conveyance, dispersiv and distributive mixing. Further target of the study was a significant increase in the output with still good quality of process behaviour and material properties. Under the given machine capacity limit, a gradual raise of the feed rate was successfully achieved with increasing screw speed at clearly moderate mixing temperatures.<br /><br />A markedly high filler dispersion degree of >95% was determined for all compounds produced by<br />the varying process parameters. Consistently, rheological and mechanical measurements revealed only negligible to weak differences between the sample properties. For comparison of results, compounds based on NR in bale and powder form were prepared by the discontinuous mixing process.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Introduction</span></span><br />One of the most desired developments is still a reliable continuous compounding process of conventional rubber compounds. It gains an increasing interest, due to the related attractive advantages including economic efficiency, as compared to the nowadays mostly widespread multi-stage rubber compounding technology. In recent years, a real progress towards the continuous mixing process, which primarily requires a continuous feed state of all compound ingredients, occurred by manufacturing of new powder rubber types based on E-SBR and NR [1-3] as well as on gas-phase EPDM [4-6]. These free-flowing rubbers are suggested to replace the conventional rubber supplied in bale form.<br /><br />The distinctive characteristic of the granular batches produced from polymer emulsions (SBR, NR) and non-pelletized carbon black (fluffy) is the markedly constant rubber-filler ratio, and that their both components are homogeneously distributed in an intimate mix with a high degree of filler dispersion [1]. Compounds on the basis of carbon black filled E-SBR types, prepared by the discontinuous kneader mixing process, revealed an unique combination of favourable mixing<br />behaviour, high dispersion and good in-rubber properties.<br /><br />In previous works, remarkable efforts are made on the development of an appropriate continuous mixing process for powder rubber based on SBR by using the twin-screw extruder (TSE) and considering several aspects such as the influence of mutual process parameters [7-9]. Twin-screw extruders cover a large variety of configurations including (i) co-rotating, (ii) counter-rotating and (iii) partially or fully intermeshing screws as well as (iv) with constant or variable helix angle [10]. In order to improve mixing performance, TSE design may include special mixing sections and conventional or modified kneading blocks for dispersiv and distributive mixing. It is noteworthy that the various types of twin-screw extruder as well as of mixing elements are primarily designed for processing plastics. The real challenge lie in the transfer of the overall extrusion technology to powder rubber processing. Due to recent progress in gravimetric and volumetric proportioning technology, powder materials and fillers can nowadays also be fed with high accuracy.<br /><br />This paper is a further contribution of advanced concepts to the development of an appropriate continuous rubber mixing process for powder rubber compounds on the basis of NR by using the twin-screw extruder. The main target of the work is the optimization of mixing parameters, such as feed rate, screw speed, temperatures and energy input. In addition to these a screw configuration should be optimized, in order to improve the extrudate output with a still high dispersion degree and homogenous distribution. An important aim is also the study of the physical behaviour of the materials. A comparison of powder to bale rubber compounds produced by discontinuous process is done.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Experimental</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Material and Feeding</span></span><br /><br />Powder rubber (PR) on the basis of 100 phr natural rubber (NR) and 47 phr carbon black (CB) was supplied from PKU GmbH (Marl / Germany) for performance of investigations. The average particle size of the granules lie in the range of 0.5-3 mm. For producing compounds and vulcanizates, different ingredients including antioxidants and curing system have to be incorporated. Table 1 shows the compound recipe used. It should be noticed that the chemicals were premixed and separately added to the powder rubber during mixing process.<br /><br /></div>Table 1: Formulation of compound<br /> Ingredients phr<br />Powder rubber NR 100<br /> N234 47<br />Premix Stearic acid2<br /> ZnO 4<br /> 6PPD 1.5<br /> TMQ 1<br /> Wax 1<br /> TBBS 1<br /> Sulphur 1.5<br /> CTP 0.15<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">A gravimetric single screw loss-in-weight-feeder (screw diameter 35mm; Brabender flex wall) was used for proportioning powder rubber and similar one (screw diameter 20 mm) for metering chemical premix. The gravimetric feeders handle precise throughput rates and can respond to fluctuation in bulk density via differential weighing scales and an appropriate screw speed control device.<br /><br />Twin Screw Extruder<br />Compounding Experiments were performed by using the twin-screw extruder (TSE; Farrel FTX80) equipped with co-rotating screws [11]. Key data about the machine are given in Table 2. The extruder barrel consists of nine replaceable parts of 4 L/D Length, respectively. The first metering zone barrel should be permanently cooled by water to prevent material caking. The following eight processing segments are mainly used for mixing and can be heated up to temperatures of 370°C, where open cylinders are suitable for feeding additional ingredients and for degassing purpose.<br /><br /></div>Table 2: Technical data of the twin-screw extruder<br />Max. process length 36 L/D<br />Extruder hole diameter 37 mm<br />Screw outer diameter 36.5 mm<br />Screw inner diameter 23.5 mm<br />Diameter ratio 1.55<br />Channel depth 6.25 mm<br />Alignment 31 mm<br /><br />Max. screw speed 500 min-1<br />Max. Power 18.5 kW<br />Max. torque per screw 176 Nm<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Discontinuous Compounding</span></span><br /><br />Compounds on the basis of the new powder rubber as well as of a conventional NR type obtained in bale form were produced by the multi-stage discontinuous mixing process carried out on a 1.5 l laboratory internal mixer for mixing time of 6 min. The test formulation is given in Table 1, where the bale rubber type SMR10 (100 phr) and CB N234 (50 phr) would replace the powder rubber/filler-batch used also for extrusion. In the case of bale rubber compound, all ingredients were mixed at 140°C after the necessary mastication of the matrix, while the curatives were added in a separated mixing stage at 115°C. Powder rubber compounds were prepared in a similar manner, however, no separated mastication is ever needed, the curing system and antioxidants are added in the second stage, the mixing time was varied and the loading degree of PR slightly increased (10%).<br />s a slightly lower cross-linking density, which may be attrSample Preparation and Measurements<br />All materials produced by extrusion and kneader were shortly threaded over a roll mill of a large nap (5 mm) at 70°C, in order to get rolling hides.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> The vulcanization of the compounds was performed at 150°C in a press for yielding sheets of 2 mm thickness. The vulcanization time was chosen in view of an almost complete cross-linking procedure up to 90% of the maximum torque found in vulcameter measurements (Monsanto), which also deliver other important data, such as the scorch time. The filler dispersion degree was quantified by the so called DIK-method based on the luminous reflectance of razor blade cuts (light optical roughness measurement). The light source is placed inside the optical microscope, the cut is illuminated by a vertical light beam and the reflected image is recorded by a CCD camera. Size distribution and fraction of the undispersed agglomerates (>6 μm) are determined by a computerized image analysis.<br /><br />The Mooney viscosity of the rubber compounds was detected for an evaluation of the processing behaviour. This important property depends on filling degree, dispersion and the decrease of the molecular weight (i.e. mixing time) during the mixing cycle. Stress-strain measurements were performed on Dumbbell specimens of vulcanizates at room temperature. Tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus and hardness were determined.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Results and Discussion</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Discontinuous Rubber Mixing</span></span><br /><br />Table 3 gives some results for the compounds of the internal mixer. In general, only weak to moderate differences can be established between their properties. The powder rubber compound mixed for 6 min exhibit the lowest Mooney viscosity and the highest dispersion degree of 98.5%, while its mechanical behaviour is comparable to that of the bale rubber vulcanizate. This mixture yields also a good dispersion degree of ca. 95.5% and a clearly higher viscosity in comparison to the two-stage PR mix. Reducing mixing time of powder rubber to 4.5 min, only marginal changes can be observed in the compound properties. The one-stage PR-compound mixed for 3 min exhibits values of dispersion and Mooney viscosity comparable to<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> those of the conventional bale rubber compound. The latter depends on the decrease of the molecular weight during compounding, and, consequently, the mixing time. Considering the results of the vulcameter measurements, bale rubber compound shows a slightly higher value of maximum torque than powder rubber. This indicateibuted to differences in the molecular weight of both polymers and to reduced absorptioncapability of the curatives due to the high filler dispersion.<br /></div></div></div>Table 3: Properties of NR compounds produced by discontinuous internal mixer Bale rubber Powder rubber<br />Mixing time mastication 6 min 4.5 min 3 min<br /> + 6 min one stage<br />Dispersion degree [ %] 95.6 98.5 97.6 95.3<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Mooney viscosity (ML1+4) 60 55 56 64<br />Vulcam. torque S`max-S`min [dNm] 17 16 16 16.3<br /></div>Tensile strength, σmax [MPa] 30.5 30.1 30.3 31<br />Elongation at break, εb [%] 532 537 533 540<br />200% modulus [MPa] 7.8 7.5 7.7 7.3<br />Hardness (shore A) 67.5 68.8 69.5 70<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The whole results clearly show, that the powdered NR/filler-batch used for theinvestigations does not require a bale rubber-like mastication and even long mixingtime, in order to achieve properties similar to those of compounds based on balerubber. This is due to the suitable pre-treatment and the high filler dispersion of thepowder rubber during production and compounding process.<br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Continuous Mixing Process on Extruder </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Screw Elements and Configuration </span><br /></span><br />It is well known, that the geometrics for co-rotating screw were basically developed by Erdmenger, with the objective of screw's touching at any screw angle for selfcleaning purpose [12]. In this work, various types of screw elements were available for varying and optimizing screw configuration. Figure 1 illustrates these “loose”screw parts: (Fig. 1a) single-flighted undercut elements of long pitch for particulate feed handling; (1b) forward pumping conveying elements of Erdmenger-profile and various pitches; (1c) kneading blocks for dispersiv mixing, made up of five disks turned by 45° and taking up a total length of 1 L/D (overall offset of 180°; outer diameter 36 mm); (1d) Farrel Asymmetric Modular Mixing Element (FAMME or CME) for dispersiv mixing, which is a variation of the Erdmenger profile exhibit a very steep pitch; FAMME and kneading blocks can be designed as forward-pumping or reverse-pumping elements; (1e) distributive turbine mixing elements for the homogenization and dispersion of low-viscosity additives at low shear rates; (1f) non-intermeshing elements of polygon profile, primarily, for distributive mixing.<br /><br />The behaviour of the rubber compounding process on extruder is essentially determined and influenced by the chosen screw configuration [4]. The available screw elements allow modification of screw geometry and great variety of mixing sections longitudinally from the feeding zone towards the screw tip. However, the optimization of the screw assembly and the overall continuous mixing process has to be based on principles applied by discontinuous compounding in an internal mixer or on the roll mill. With other words, suitable extrusion concepts require that the powder rubber goes through regions of high shear forces and long duration, alternating withsections of low shear exposure and short residence time. The former can be realized by dispersiv and distributive mixing elements at low temperatures for fully rubber mastication and high filler dispersion. In this work, several screw configurations composed of different screw elements and varying arrangement were basically tested. Preliminary extruder experiments were performed on the free-flowing powder NR-rubber/filler batch (PR) by using screw configurations of 24 or 36 L/D process length with mostly conveying elements and up to four mixing elements designed for forward- and reverse-pumping. The results of these initial stages were relatively insufficient regarding material properties, but, important test points and improvement options of the process could be defined as well as useful effects were observed during compounding. Therefore, the next step lie in the development of a screw configuration based on the overall establishment. Further investigations revealed that a certain arrangement and a minimum number of all types of the available screw elements with a process length of 36 L/D, would result in a considerably efficient use of the individual distinctive mixing and other advantages of the different elements. In Figure 2, an optimized screw configuration is illustrated for the continuous mixing process of the powder rubber compounds based on NR. It can be seen, that a kneading block placed in the plasticizing zone at 80°C and one FAMME in the following section are needed for a highly level of mastication and filler dispersion.<br />Both block types consist of forward-pumping and reverse-pumping elements, respectively, in order to expose the granular rubber to high shear stress for long residence time. After material conveyance, turbine elements are useful for the homogeneous incorporation of the chemical premix at clearly low shear and temperatures. The compound goes through conveying elements, alternating with a FAMME and a polygon element, which are suitable for further dispersion and<br />effective distribution, respectively. In the last screw segment, conveying elements of small pitch and Erdmenger profile are placed.<br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Process Parameters and Properties</span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The above optimized screw configuration is used for the performance of the experiments on powder rubber compounds. All important extruder process parameters chosen or detected during compounding process, as well as various measurement results corresponding to different properties of the extrudates and vulcanizates are summarized in Table 4.<br /><br />Table 4: Properties of NR compounds produced by the continuous mixing process.<br />Feed rate [kg/h] 10 20 30 40 50<br />Screw speed [rpm] 150 220 310 390 460<br />Specific energy input [kWh/kg] 0.505 0.374 0.348 0.332 0.313<br />Temperature [°C] 76 88 107 120 132<br />Mooney Viscosity @100°C [MU] 55.5 57 59 61.5 63<br />Dispersion degree [%] 98.5 98.0 97.2 96.0 95.3<br />Torque S`max-S`min [dNm] 15.5 15.4 15.0 14.4 13.7<br />Scorching time, TS1 [min] 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8<br /><br />Tensile strength, σmax [MPa] 31.4 31.2 30.7 30.3 30.0<br /></div>Elongation at break, εb [%] 523 520 522 519 517<br />200% modulus [MPa] 8.4 8.2 7.6 7.6 7.4<br />Hardness (shore A) 67.5 67 67.5 68 68<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">We primarily varied the overall feed rate of the materials mixed according to the formulation in Tab. 1, and successfully reached a markedly high output of 50 kg/h at very moderate mixing temperatures. However, this gradually output enhancement was only feasible with a simultaneous increase of the screw speed, in order to remain under the upper torque limit of the twin-screw extruder. Consequently, the real mass temperature conducted for the out going extrudate by push-in thermocouple, also gradually increased up to ca. 130°C, although a maximum cooling for the extruder barrels was adjusted (excepted plasticizing zone). However,<br />vulcameter measurements revealed an obvious scorching safety for all samples of the tested throughput rates, where a reasonable scorching time higher than ca. 2.8 min was recorded. It is assumed, that the short residence time of the compound in great shear regions, due to high screw speed and conveying capability, would compensate the eventual scorching effects of increasing temperature. A further effect observed on the vulcameter curves is a gradually small reduction of the corresponding maximum torque with increasing output and screw speed. This can be primarily attributed to the slightly decreasing cross-linking density, as the mixing time becomes shorter and, consequently, the quality of diffusion and homogeneity of the chemicals in the entire rubber matrix is also marginal lowered. Certainly, metering some chemicals (i.e. zinc oxide) in an earlier stage for better dispersion would improve the cross-linking density, since the later absorption and homogeneity of the curatives can be considerably facilitated. An important advantage of raising feed rate and screw speed is doubtless the overall reduction in specific energy input needed for the continuous mixing process. Increasing feed rate, screw speed and temperature results in a certain enhancement of the Mooney viscosity, which is determined by the screw configuration and mixing quality. Short duration of the powder rubber at the mixing elements imposing high shear forces, lowers the level of mastication and, consequently, the Mooney viscosity. However, this important process property still lie in a clearly good value range, as compared to that of internal mixer compounds. An analogous interpretation is given for the slight decrease observed in the filler dispersion of the extrudates by increasing the mentioned parameters. In dependence of the screw speed, the residence time of the material in the high shear regions becomes shorter as well as the duration of dispersion and distribution. But also in this case, the values of the dispersion degree remain in a narrow range of 95-99%. This is evidentially referred to a great suitability and capability of the optimized screw configuration (Fig. 2) to meet important requirements of the continuous rubber mixing process, i.e., good dispersion at maximized output.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The above mentioned effects are consistent with the mechanical properties of the various vulcanizates. Increasing process parameters results in very weak differences between the values of the tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness. Thetendency of the slight σmax decrease may be attributed to the marginal differences incross-linking density and filler dispersion of the compounds.However, all effects observed for morphology, rheological and mechanical behaviourof the extrudates, indicate a considerably weak influence of the considered<br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">parameters on the process and material behaviour. This is, particularly, due to the good initial properties of the powder rubber as well as to the well-aimed optimization of the screw configuration.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Conclusions</span></span><br />The development of an appropriate continuous mixing process for NR- powder rubber compounds on the twin-screw extruder requires a simultaneous pursuit of several mutual aims, including the achievement of a good quality of morphology (filler dispersion and distribution) and related final properties as well as a maximization of the output at low to moderate temperatures for scorching safety. However, the most important basis of the mixing process is an optimum extruder screw configuration containing various types of screw elements having different functions. A significant raise of the throughput rate is achieved by increasing screw speed without a negative influence on the process and final material properties. These are comparable to the properties of compounds produced by discontinuous mixing. The defined limits of the extruder, i.e., screw speed, torque and cooling are crucial for the optimization of continuous mixing concept.<br /><br />References<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1. U. Görl, K.H. Nordsiek, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst.,1998, 51, 250.<br />2. U. Görl, H. Lauer, paper presented at ACS meeting, Rubber Division, Orlando, 1999.<br />3. U. Görl, R. Stober and H. Laner, DE Patent 19815453.4<br />4. E.T. Italiaander, Rubber Technology International, 1998, 26.<br />5. E.T. Italiaander, Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, 1997, 50, 456.<br />6. E.T. Italiaander, paper presented at ACS meeting, Rubber Division, Anaheim California, 1997.<br />7. R. Uphus, O. Skibba, R.H. Schuster, U. Görl, Gummi Kunstst., 2000, 53 , 279.<br />8. R. Uphus, O. Skibba, R.H. Schuster, paper presented at ACS meeting, Rubber Division, Orlando,1999.<br />9. R. Uphus, O. Skibba, R.H. Schuster, paper presented at ACS meeting, 10. H. Herrmann, V. Burkhardt and S. Jakopin, Soc. Plast. Eng., 53th, 1977, Montreal 23, 481.<br />11. Farrel Instruction manual for FTX-80 twin-screw extruder.<br />12. R. Erdmenger, Chem. Ing. Technol., 1956, 29, 1303.</span></div>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-29634431973628674822012-04-09T09:43:00.002-07:002012-04-09T09:49:46.018-07:00Jasa Import Mesin<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="568"><col style="width: 36pt;" width="48"> <col style="width: 127pt;" width="169"> <col style="width: 57pt;" width="76"> <col style="width: 101pt;" width="135"> <col style="width: 105pt;" width="140"> <tbody><tr style="height: 23.25pt; font-weight: bold;" align="center" height="31"> <td colspan="5" class="xl85" style="height: 23.25pt; width: 426pt;" width="568" height="31"><span style="font-size:180%;">JASA<span style=""> </span>IMPORT MESIN OPEN MILL<span style=""> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" align="center" height="21"> <td colspan="5" class="xl86" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21">MESIN KARET / OPEN MILL<span style=""> </span>SK 360/SK400</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl76" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl76"><br /></td> <td class="xl76"><br /></td> <td class="xl76"><br /></td> <td class="xl76"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl84" colspan="2" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"> <td class="xl73" style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22">No.</td> <td class="xl73" style="border-left: medium none;">Description</td> <td class="xl74" style="border-left: medium none;">Quantity</td> <td class="xl74" style="border-left: medium none;">Open Mill SK360</td> <td class="xl74" style="border-left: medium none;">Open Mill SK400</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"> <td class="xl82" style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22">A</td> <td class="xl77">OPEN<span style=""> </span>MILL CIF JKT</td> <td class="xl68">1</td> <td class="xl71" align="right">14,480.00</td> <td class="xl71" align="right">16,100.00</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63">Fiber System</td> <td class="xl64"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl64"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63" colspan="3" style="">Mechine will be delivered + Part and Guarantee 13month</td> <td class="xl64"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63">NOTE :</td> <td class="xl64"><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63">Origin: China</td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63">Delivery: 45days</td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"> <td class="xl83" style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22">B</td> <td class="xl73" style="border-left: medium none;">Estimate landed Cost JKT</td> <td class="xl74" style="border-left: medium none;">Rate USD</td> <td class="xl74" style="border-left: medium none;">SK 360</td> <td class="xl74" style="border-left: medium none;">SK 400</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"><br /></td> <td class="xl63">Ex-rate USD=IDR</td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>9,164.00 </td> <td class="xl70"><span style=""> </span>132,694,720.00 </td> <td class="xl70"><span style=""> </span>147,540,400.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">1</td> <td class="xl63">BM 5%</td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>6,634,736.00 </td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>7,377,020.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">2</td> <td class="xl63">PPN 10%</td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>13,932,945.60 </td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>15,491,742.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">3</td> <td class="xl63">PPH 2.5%</td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>3,317,368.00 </td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>3,688,510.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">4</td> <td class="xl63">PNBP</td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>200,000.00 </td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>200,000.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63">Estimate tax to be paid</td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl66"><span style=""> </span>24,085,049.60 </td> <td class="xl66"><span style=""> </span>26,757,272.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">5</td> <td class="xl63">Undername / Pinjam API</td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>2,000,000.00 </td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>2,000,000.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">6</td> <td class="xl63">Trucking JKT-Bogor</td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>1,700,000.00 </td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>1,700,000.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">7</td> <td class="xl63">DO at cost from shipping</td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">8</td> <td class="xl63">Storage fee<span style=""> </span></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">9</td> <td class="xl63">Handling cost</td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>2,000,000.00 </td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>2,000,000.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63">sub total</td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl66"><span style=""> </span>5,700,000.00 </td> <td class="xl66"><span style=""> </span>5,700,000.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><br /></td> <td class="xl69">Grand Total:</td> <td class="xl70"><br /></td> <td class="xl70"><span style=""></span>162,479,769.60 </td> <td class="xl70"><span style=""></span>179,997,672.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">10</td> <td class="xl63">Fee: 10% from CIF Price</td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>1,448.00 </td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>1,610.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63">Ex-rate USD=IDR</td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>9,164.00 </td> <td class="xl67"><span style=""> </span>13,269,472.00 </td> <td class="xl65"><span style=""> </span>14,754,040.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><br /></td> <td class="xl69">TOTAL</td> <td class="xl69"><br /></td> <td class="xl72"><span style=""></span>175,749,241.60 </td> <td class="xl72"><span style=""></span>194,751,712.00 </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl82" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21">C</td> <td class="xl69">Fee</td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl82" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21">-</td> <td class="xl63" colspan="4" style="text-align: justify;">Perhitungan jasa / fee Import Mesin Karet Jenis Open Mill SK400 harga CIF, diperhitungkan dari<span style=""> </span>pekerjaan awal sampai barang diterima di gudang/pabrik <table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="568"><tbody><tr height="20"></tr><tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><td class="xl63" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td><td class="xl63" colspan="3" style="">pemesan<span style=""> </span>sebesar 10%.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><td class="xl63" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63" colspan="3" style=""><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">-</td> <td class="xl63" colspan="2" style="">Ex-rate USD yang berlaku.<br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">-</td> <td class="xl63" colspan="4" style="">Resiko yang ditimbulkan dari Peraturan Pemerintah misal : terkena jalur merah, biaya sewa gudang/demorate adalah tanggung jawab Pemesan Barang.</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl64" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63" colspan="2" style=""><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td style="text-align: right;" class="xl79">Penerima jasa </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td style="text-align: right;" class="xl81">DAYAGUNA.CV</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl81"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl78"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25"> <td class="xl63" style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td class="xl63"><br /></td> <td style="text-align: right;" class="xl80">WAGIMAN</td> </tr> </tbody></table>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-48364933844603066232012-04-09T09:00:00.000-07:002012-04-09T09:00:10.123-07:00<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Basic Rubber Compounding</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />In general, the ingredients of a rubber compound may be divided into five groups. This statement is, by necessity, an oversimplification and is intended as a guide only. Some ingredients in any given formulation might serve two, or even three purposes. Also, any given ingredient might function differently in various elastomers. With these caveats in mind, the following represent the standard ingredients of a rubber compound. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />1. Base Elastomer: There are approximately twenty-two commercially available polymers in the U.S.A. A base polymer, or sometimes a blend of polymers, is chosen based on its cured characteristics: abrasion resistance, oil resistance, high and low temperature characteristics, etc. Most always, the over-riding consideration is cost.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />2. Fillers and Plasticizers: Most rubber formulations would be useless without some type of filler incorporated. Fillers can be grouped into three categories: reinforcing, semi-reinforcing, and extenders. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A. Reinforcing fillers include the small particle-sized carbon blacks such as N110-0, N220, N330 and light-colored reinforcing agents such as Hisil and Cabosil.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />B. Semi-reinforcing fillers include black carbon with larger particle sizes such as N762 and N990. Examples of semi-reinforcing fillers include treated clays and zeolex.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />C. Extending fillers are often necessary to meet high-quality specifications such as soft printing rolls where a low durometer and resistance to the inks solvents are required.<br /><br />Plasticizers: Generally plasticizers are liquids or very soft semi-solids. They must be carefully chosen on the basis of their compatibility with the elastomer. Those that are incompatible can interfere with the curing systems, leach out after a period of time, or both. In products that must be bonded, plasticizer choice often depends upon individual accelerated, long-term testing, or both.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />3. Antidegradents or Protective System: Anti-oxidants and anti-ozonants are generally incorporated from 1.0 to 2.0 parts per 100 parts base elastomer. The chemistry of reactions, whether intended or unintended, is complex. Choosing a compatible antidegradant that will not "bloom" often requires individual compound testing.<br />4. Special Ingredients: Often ingredients are required for a specific purpose. Examples include flame retardants, coloring agents, and process aides. Ingredients such as PEG 3350 are used to overcome the effects of light-colored fillers. The types and amounts of ingredients used vary considerably.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />5. Curing Systems: First, we must assume that all of the above ingredients have been chosen so as not to interfere with cross-linking. Second, we will assume a sulfur-based (not dicumyl peroxide nor radiation) curing.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />A. The activators: Generally the combination of zinc oxide and stearic acid work together to provide suitable conditions for curing to take place.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />B. Acceleration Systems: Any combination of a host of generally organic compounds that dramatically reduce sulfur cross-linking time.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />C. Sulfur: The cross-linking agent.</div>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-24591837642116994382012-04-09T03:51:00.000-07:002012-04-09T04:07:45.511-07:00G O N D O R U K E M<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWagiman%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWagiman%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWagiman%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> 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New Roman","serif"; color: black;" lang="IN">ersama ini</span></i></b><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"> kami </span></i></b><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>menawarkan </span></i></b><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">produk perhutani<span style=""> </span>khususnya Gondorukem / Gum rosin</span></i></b><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"> </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><span style=""> </span>kondisi baru,<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><span style=""> </span>spec<span style=""> </span>tersebut dibawah </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">K</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;" lang="IN">ami berharap bisa </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">memberikan daya saing yang</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"> lebih baik, sebagai pengganti</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"> resin </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><span style=""> </span>import </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">yang</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"> mahal</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">, memberikan </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;" lang="IN">manfaat</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"> yang lebih significant terhadap penekanan biaya produksi </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">bermanfaat untuk kemajuan dan perkembangan perusahaan dimasa yang akan datang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 95.22%; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt;" width="95%" align="right" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="height: 32.3pt;"> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 7.66%; border: 1pt inset rgb(17, 17, 17); padding: 0in; height: 32.3pt;" width="7%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">No</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 40.42%; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: inset inset inset none; border-color: rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 32.3pt;" width="40%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Jenis uji</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 12.44%; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: inset inset inset none; border-color: rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 32.3pt;" width="12%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Satuan</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="width: 39.48%; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: inset inset inset none; border-color: rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 32.3pt;" width="39%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Persyaratan mutu</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19.35pt;"> <td style="width: 9.58%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 19.35pt;" width="9%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">U</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 10.46%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 19.35pt;" width="10%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">P</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 9.26%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 19.35pt;" width="9%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">D</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 10.18%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 19.35pt;" width="10%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">T</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 31.55pt;"> <td style="width: 7.66%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17); padding: 0in; height: 31.55pt;" width="7%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">1.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 40.42%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 31.55pt;" width="40%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Warna metode <i>Lovibond Comparator</i></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 12.44%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 31.55pt;" width="12%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 9.58%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 31.55pt;" width="9%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">X</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 10.46%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 31.55pt;" width="10%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">WW</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 9.26%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 31.55pt;" width="9%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">WG</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 10.18%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 31.55pt;" width="10%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">N</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 32.3pt;"> <td style="width: 7.66%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17); padding: 0in; height: 32.3pt;" width="7%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">2.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 40.42%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 32.3pt;" width="40%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Titik lunak</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 12.44%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 32.3pt;" width="12%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">°C</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 9.58%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 32.3pt;" width="9%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">></span></u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> 78</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 10.46%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 32.3pt;" width="10%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">></span></u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;"> 78</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 9.26%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 32.3pt;" width="9%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">></span></u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> 76</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 10.18%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 32.3pt;" width="10%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">></span></u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> 74</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 34.6pt;"> <td style="width: 7.66%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17); padding: 0in; height: 34.6pt;" width="7%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">3.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 40.42%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 34.6pt;" width="40%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";" lang="DE">Kadar kotoran</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 12.44%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 34.6pt;" width="12%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">%</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 9.58%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 34.6pt;" width="9%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"><</span></u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> 0,02</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 10.46%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 34.6pt;" width="10%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;"><</span></u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;"> 0,05</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 9.26%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 34.6pt;" width="9%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"><</span></u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> 0,07</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 10.18%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 34.6pt;" width="10%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"><</span></u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> 0,10</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 30.4pt;"> <td style="width: 7.66%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17); padding: 0in; height: 30.4pt;" width="7%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">4.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 40.42%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 30.4pt;" width="40%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";" lang="DE">Kadar abu</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 12.44%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 30.4pt;" width="12%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">%</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 9.58%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 30.4pt;" width="9%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"><</span></u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> 0,01</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 10.46%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 30.4pt;" width="10%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;"><</span></u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;"> 0,04</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 9.26%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 30.4pt;" width="9%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"><</span></u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> 0,05</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 10.18%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17) -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0in; height: 30.4pt;" width="10%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"><</span></u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> 0,08</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 30.25pt;"> <td style="width: 7.66%; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(17, 17, 17) rgb(17, 17, 17); padding: 0in; height: 30.25pt;" width="7%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Trebuchet 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font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} .MsoPapDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; margin-bottom:10.0pt; line-height:115%;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:.5in .5in .5in 1.0in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Properties of Rubber Compounds Containing<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Powdered Vulcanized Waste<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">David Sunday Ogunniyi I(* ) and Mike Mureyani2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(1) Department of Chemistry, University of florin, Ilorin, Nigeria<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(2) Department of Applied Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Almost all rubber factories produce some amount of rubber waste and rejects. Most of these rubber wastes are produced during finishing operations . Brown and Watson [I] have outlined a process capable of reducing the level of waste . Another method by which these wastes are disposed is by putting them in a landfill [2] . In the case of discarded or rejected tyres, they are reduced to crumbs by a variety of methods such as cryogenic, irradiation, pulverization, chemical and ultrasonic methods [3] . These methods have the objective of reducing the material to crumbs for reutilization in commercial products . Other disposal methods include pyrolysis to recover raw materials [4] <b>and </b>incineration for energy recovery [5]. Since tyres account for more <b>than </b>half of rubber products, many studies have concentrated on the use or recycling of ground rubber from waste tyres [l-5].Recently, Kim and Burford [6] also studied the utilization of waste tyres in potar and non-polar rubbers.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The aim of this work is to study the properties of rubber compounds containing factory vulcanized rubber waste as compounding material . The work was carried out to examine the possibility of a rubber manufacturer re-using its own production waste.<b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">EXPERIMENTAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Materials<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">The natural rubber (NR) used was SMR 20 produced<span style=""> </span>by Malaysian Natural Rubber. The styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) used was SBR 1502, which was produced by international Synthetic Rubber, U .K . The two types of rubbers were supplied by Piggot Maskew Ltd ., Bulawayo. Other compounding ingredients were standard materials used in rubber formulations and were used in compounding as received. Powdered vulcanized waste of unknown composition was obtained from Pigott Maskew Limited, Bulawayo.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Mill Mixing<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">The mixing of the various rubber batches was on a two-roll mill of 850 mL capacity . The mixing procedures adopted were along the guidelines set in British Standards (BS) 1674 ; 1976 . After the elastomer was first masticated on the mill, activators and other ingredients were added and blended thoroughly.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Cure Characteristics<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">The cure characteristics of the compound were studied with the aid of a Monsanto Oscillating Disc Rheometer TM 100, using the test procedure specified in BS 1673 ; Part 10, Method 13, 1977.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Moulding<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">The compression moulding techniques specified in BS 1674 ; 1976, were used to obtain vulcanized rubber sheets of 2 mm thickness.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Tensile Stress-strain Tests<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">The tensile stress-strain properties of the resulting vulcanizates were determined according to BS 903; Part A2, 1971, using Type 2, dumb-bell specimens.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Hardness Test<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Hardness test was determined according to BS 903; Part A26, 1969. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data in the various tables show the formulations and the cure characteristics of the mixed compounds.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Table 1 . Effects of powdered rubber waste on unfilled natural rubber.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Compounding formulation <span style=""> </span>1<span style=""> </span> 2 <span style=""> </span>3<span style=""> </span> <b>4<span style=""> </span> </b>5<span style=""> </span> 6<span style=""> </span> 7<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Natural rubber <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">100 <span style=""> </span>100 <span style=""> </span>100 <span style=""> </span>100 <span style=""> </span>100 <span style=""> </span>100 <span style=""> </span>100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Stearic acid <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Zinc oxide <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">5 .0 <span style=""> </span><b>5 .0 <span style=""> </span></b>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5.0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Powdered rubber waste <span style=""> </span>- <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">5 <span style=""> </span>10 <span style=""> </span>20 <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>60<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">MBTS (Dibenzothiazyldisulphide) <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">0.75 <span style=""> </span>0 .75 <span style=""> </span>0.75 <span style=""> </span>0 .75 <span style=""> </span>0.75 <span style=""> </span>0 .75 <span style=""> </span>0.75<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">DPG (Diphenylguanidine) <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>0.25 <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">0.25 <span style=""> </span><b>0.25 <span style=""> </span></b>0 .25 <span style=""> </span>0.25 <span style=""> </span><b>0.25 <span style=""> </span>0.25<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Sulphur <span style=""> </span>2 .0 <span style=""> </span>2 .0 <span style=""> </span>2 .0 <span style=""> </span>2 .0 <span style=""> </span>2 0 <span style=""> </span>2 .0 <span style=""> </span>2 .0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Results<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Scorch time at 180 .0 t2 (s) <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>91 <span style=""> </span><b>95 <span style=""> </span></b>96 <span style=""> </span>76 <span style=""> </span>74 <span style=""> </span>73<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><b>66<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Cure time at 180 .0 t9b (s) <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>146 <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">157 <span style=""> </span>166 <span style=""> </span><b>145 <span style=""> </span>144 <span style=""> </span></b>147 <span style=""> </span><b>139<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Hardness, shore A <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>33 <span style=""> </span>36 <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">37 <span style=""> </span>37 <span style=""> </span><b>38 <span style=""> </span></b>40 <span style=""> </span><b>41<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">300% modulus (MPa) <span style=""> </span>0.87 <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">1 .21 <span style=""> </span><b>1.23 <span style=""> </span></b>1.37 <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>.73 <span style=""> </span><b>2 .08 <span style=""> </span>2 .31<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Elongation-at-break (%) <span style=""> </span>1000 <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">710 <span style=""> </span><b>663 <span style=""> </span>650 <span style=""> </span>630 <span style=""> </span>590 <span style=""> </span>520<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Tensile strength (MPa) <span style=""> </span><b>16 .9 <span style=""> </span>16 .3 <span style=""> </span>13 .4 <span style=""> </span>13 .2 <span style=""> </span>13x1 <span style=""> </span>10.7 <span style=""> </span>8.7<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">All measurements Sr. in parts-per-hundred rubber.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Also shown in the tables are the physical properties of the cured vulcanizates.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Effect of Rubber Waste on Natural Rubber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">In Table </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">1, an unfilled natural rubber compound served as a control while similar compounds containing different levels of powdered rubber waste were also studied to enable a comparison to be made . The results show a tendency towards scorchiness at higher loading of powdered rubber waste . An increase in the loading of rubber waste led to a slight increase in the hardness and 300 % modulus values . However, the tensile strength and the elongation-at-break values decreased with an increase in the loading of rubber waste . Burgoyne, Leaker and Krekic [7] have reported a 15 % reduction in tensile strength for a compound containing 10 % of 425-600 p. ground vuleanizate. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Effect of Rubber Waste on NRISBR Blend In Table 2, the possibility of substituting carbon black . with powdered rubber waste in NRISBR blend was investigated . The hardness and tensile properties of the carbon black-filled compound are superior to those incorporated with powdered ruboer waste. However, the results of compounds 9-13 where carbon black has been excluded, show that there is a slight improvement in hardness and modulus values<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">when powdered rubber waste was introduced ; this may be due to increase in cross-link density arising from the increase in loading of rubber waste . There is no particular trend in elongation-at-break and tensile strength values.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Effect of Rubber Waste on Carbon Black-filled NRISBR Blends <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">In another study, we sought to find out the effect of increasing the loading of powdered rubber waste on the properties of a black-filled NRISBR blend . The results in Table 3 show a slight increase in hardness and modulus values with increase in volume loading <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Table 2 . Effects of powdered rubber waste on unfilled NRISBR blends. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Compounding formulation <span style=""> </span>8 <span style=""> </span>9 <span style=""> </span>10 <span style=""> </span>11 <span style=""> </span>12 <span style=""> </span>13<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Natural rubber <span style=""> </span>60 <span style=""> </span>60 <span style=""> </span>60 <span style=""> </span>60 <span style=""> </span>60 <span style=""> </span>60<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">SBR 1500 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>40<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Reclaim rubber <span style=""> </span>20 <span style=""> </span>20 <span style=""> </span>20 <span style=""> </span>20 <span style=""> </span>20 <span style=""> </span>20<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Stearic acid <span style=""> </span>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Zinc oxide <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Carbon black N550 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>- <span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span> -<span style=""> </span> -<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Powdered rubber waste <span style=""> </span>- <span style=""> </span>- <span style=""> </span>5 <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>45 <span style=""> </span>60<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Kaolin <span style=""> </span><span style=""></span>30 <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>30<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Flectol H flakes <span style=""> </span>2 .0 <span style=""> </span>2.0 <span style=""> </span>2 .0 <span style=""> </span>2 .0 <span style=""> </span>2.0 <span style=""> </span>2 .0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Orflex PP <span style=""> </span>1 .0 <span style=""> </span>1 .0 <span style=""> </span>1 .0 <span style=""> </span>1 .0 <span style=""> </span>1 .0 <span style=""> </span>1 .0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Dutrex RT <span style=""> </span>5.0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5.0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Coumarone resin <span style=""> </span>3 .5 <span style=""> </span>3 .5 <span style=""> </span>3.5 <span style=""> </span>3 .5 <span style=""> </span>3 .5 <span style=""> </span>3 .5<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">MBTS <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>0.75 <span style=""> </span>0.75 <span style=""> </span>0.75 <span style=""> </span>0.75 <span style=""> </span>0.75 <span style=""> </span>0.75<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">DPG <span style=""> </span>0.25 <span style=""> </span>0.25 <span style=""> </span>0.25 <span style=""> </span>0.25 <span style=""> </span>0.25 <span style=""> </span>0.25<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Sulphur <span style=""> </span>2.0 <span style=""> </span>2.0 <span style=""> </span>2.0 <span style=""> </span>2.0 <span style=""> </span>2.0 <span style=""> </span>2.0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Results<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Scorch time at 180 `C t2 (s) <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>180 <span style=""> </span>180 <span style=""> </span>156 <span style=""> </span><b>144 <span style=""> </span>144 <span style=""> </span>144<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Cure time at 180 (s) <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>321 <span style=""> </span>324 <span style=""> </span>312 <span style=""> </span>291 <span style=""> </span>285 <span style=""> </span>264<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Hardness, shore A <span style=""> </span>49 <span style=""> </span>33 <span style=""> </span>35 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>41 <span style=""> </span>41<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">300% Modulus (MPa) <span style=""> </span><b>5 .4 <span style=""> </span></b>1 .7 <span style=""> </span>2.3 <span style=""> </span>2 .6 <span style=""> </span>2 .7 <span style=""> </span>2 .8<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Elongation-at-break (%) <span style=""> </span>530 <span style=""> </span>670 <span style=""> </span>695 <span style=""> </span>585 <span style=""> </span>530 <span style=""> </span><b>525<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Tensile strength (MPa) <span style=""> </span>10 .6 <span style=""> </span>7.9 <span style=""> </span>6 .0<span style=""> </span> 7.5 <span style=""> </span>5 .9 <span style=""> </span>5.8<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(193, 193, 193);"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Propemes </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">or Rubber Compounds Cotaining Powdered Vulcanized Waste<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Table 3 . Effect of powdered rubber waste on carbon black-filled NRISBR blends.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Compounding formulation <span style=""> </span>14 <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">15 <span style=""> </span>16 <span style=""> </span>17 <span style=""> </span>18<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Natural rubber <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">60 <span style=""> </span>60 <span style=""> </span>60 <span style=""> </span>60<span style=""> </span>60<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">SBR 1500 <span style=""> </span><b>40 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span></b>40 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span><b>40<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Reclaim rubber <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">20 <span style=""> </span>20 <span style=""> </span><b>20 <span style=""> </span></b>20 <span style=""> </span>20<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Stearic acid <span style=""> </span><b>1 .5 <span style=""> </span></b>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5 <span style=""> </span>1 .5<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Zinc oxide <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span><b>5 .0 <span style=""> </span></b>5.0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5.0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">N550 Carbon black <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">40 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>40<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Powdered rubber waste <span style=""> </span>- <span style=""> </span>5 <span style=""> </span>10 <span style=""> </span>40 <span style=""> </span>60<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Kaolin <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>30 . <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>30 <span style=""> </span>30<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Dutrex RT <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5 .0 <span style=""> </span>5.0 <span style=""> </span>5.0 <span style=""> </span>5.0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Flectol H flakes <span style=""> </span>2 .0 <span style=""> </span>2 .0 <span style=""> </span>2.0 <span style=""> </span>2.0 <span style=""> </span>2.0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Orfiex PP <span style=""> </span>1 .0 <span style=""> </span>1 .0 <span style=""> </span>1 .0 <span style=""> </span>1 .0 <span style=""> </span>1 .0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Coumarone resin <span style=""> </span><b>3 .5 <span style=""> </span>3 .5 <span style=""> </span></b>3.5 <span style=""> </span>3 .5 <span style=""> </span><b>3.5<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">MBTS <span style=""> </span>0 .75 <span style=""> </span>0 .75 <span style=""> </span>0.75 <span style=""> </span>0 .75 <span style=""> </span>0.75<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">DPG <span style=""> </span>0 .25 <span style=""> </span>0 .25<span style=""> </span>0.25 <span style=""> </span>0.25 <span style=""> </span>0 .25<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Sulphur <span style=""> </span>2 .0 <span style=""> </span>2 .0 <span style=""> </span>2.0 <span style=""> </span>2.0 <span style=""> </span>2 .0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Results<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Scorch time al 180 'C tz (s) <span style=""> </span>180 <span style=""> </span><b>153 <span style=""> </span>153 <span style=""> </span></b>159<span style=""> </span>153<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Cure time at 180 ''C tan(s) <span style=""> </span>321 <span style=""> </span>294 <span style=""> </span>309 <span style=""> </span>339 <span style=""> </span>312<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Hardness, shore A <span style=""> </span>49 <span style=""> </span>51 <span style=""> </span><b>55 <span style=""> </span></b>56 <span style=""> </span>57<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">300% Modulus (MPa) <span style=""> </span>5 .4 <span style=""> </span>5 .6 <span style=""> </span><b>5.5 <span style=""> </span></b>5 .9 <span style=""> </span>6 .0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Elongation-at-break </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">(%) <span style=""> </span><b>530 <span style=""> </span></b>520 <span style=""> </span><b>480 <span style=""> </span>430 <span style=""> </span></b>395<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Tensile strength (MPa) <span style=""> </span>10.6 <span style=""> </span>10 .6 <span style=""> </span>11 .5 <span style=""> </span>9 .2 <span style=""> </span><b>8 .4<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Effects of powdered rubber waste on unfilled NR ISBR blends of powdered rubber waste ; the tensile strength and elongation-at-break values decreased with increase in powder loading . It is interesting to note from Tables 2 and 3 that the addition of rubber waste to unfilled and carbon black-filled NR/SBR produced similar effects, i .e . a slight increase in modulus and hardness values with increase in rubber waste loading and an overall decrease of tensile strength and elongation-at-break. The carbon black-filled compounds generally possess higher mechanical properties than the unfilled compounds ; this is attributed to the reinforcing effect of carbon black. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">General Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Generally, the effects of powdered rubber waste on compounding are not universal and they must be studied for each compound . Indeed, further studies will be necessary to optimize vulcanizate/compound<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">properties . The tendency towards scorchiness in compounds containing powdered rubber waste may be<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">due to additional effect of unreacted curatives in powdered rubber . For example, Gibala and Hamed [8] have shown that accelerator fragments migrate from vulcanized rubber waste to the rubber matrix, causing decreased scorch time . Also, the source of the waste will affect final compound and vulcanizate<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">properties. It has been suggested that the little interfacial bonding between the powdered rubber waste and the virgin matrix elastomer may be responsible for the reduction of properties when rubber waste was incorporated [9] . Efforts directed at modifying the surface of rubber waste particles in order to promote its rebonding and incorporation into elastomer compounds may result in improved properties [4]. Even though the physical properties obtained for vulcanizates containing powdered rubber are reduced, such vulcanizates may be suitable for static applications that do not require high strength (e .g .,<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">foot mats, <b>road markers, pads, </b>etc) . Thus rubber waste can be used to cheapen the compound in the manner of a diluent filler.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">The effect of using powdered rubber waste as a compounding material in NR and NR/SBR blends tend to lead to a reduction of the tensile strength and elongation- at-break values of the resulting vulcanizates, and aslight increase in the modulus and hardness values . In most of the compounds, the incorporation of powdered rubber waste as a compounding additive lead to a reduction of processing safety. Further compounding studies will have to be undertaken before generalizations can be made . This work shows that rubber waste could be used as a compounding additive in non-critical application areas where it serves in a manner similar to diluent fillers.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Grateful acknowledgement is made to the management of Pigott Maskew Ltd., Bulawayo, for allowing the use ef their facilities to carry out this work .<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">1. Brown C .3. and Watson W .F., "Recycling of vulcanized factory waste", <i>Rubber World, </i>218, 2, 34, 1998<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">2. Duarte 3 .M ., Paper 97, presented at the 152 "s Meeting of the Rubber Division, ACS. Cleveland. Oct., 21-24, 1997.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">3. Kelly K .F., Nikoleskii V.G ., V.N. Balyberdine, N . Benham I. Morris and B.M, Kelly, Paper 98, ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">4. Dierkes W ., Paper 6, presented at the 148 th Meeting of the Rubber Division, ACS, Cleveland. Oct ., 17-20, 1995.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">5. McDonet E.T. and Hoover 7., Paper 22C, presented at the International Tire Exhibition and Conference, Akron. September 15-17, 1998.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">6. Kim I .K. and Burford R.B., "Study on powder utilization of waste tires as a filler in rubber compounding ", <i>Rubber Chem. Tech ., 71, 5, 1028, 1998.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">7. Burgoyne M ., Leaker G . and Krekic Z ., "The effect of reusing ground flash and scrap rubber in parent compound", <i>Rubber Chem. Tech., <b>49, 375, 1976.<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">8. Gibala D . and Hamed G .R ., "Cure and mechanical behavior of rubber compounds containing ground vulcanizates . Part !-Cure behaviour", <i>Rubber Chem . Tech., 67, </i>4 636, 1994.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">9. Myhre M.I. and MacKiltop D .A ., Paper 21, presented at the 148°h Meeting of the Rubber Division, ACS. Cleveland . Oct. 17-20, 1995.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Iranian Polymer Journal / <b>Volume 10 Number 3 (2001) 147</b></span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-70584669453706576392012-04-09T02:27:00.002-07:002012-04-09T02:39:51.491-07:00Mastication<div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;">The formulation of the rubber compounds was as follows: 100 phr rubber blended (NR : reclaimed rubber ; 100:0, 70:30 and 40:60 by weight), 60 phr carbon black, 5.0 phr zinc oxide (ZnO), 2.0 phr stearic acid, 0.5 phr mercaptobenzthiazole (MBT), 0.2 phr diphenylguanidine (DPG), and 3.0 phr sulfur. In the mastication step, the natural rubber was masticated on a laboratory two-roll mill for 5 min and was then blended with the tiretrade reclaimed rubber for another 5 minutes. In the compounding step, the rubber and filler were compounded with prepared vulcanization chemicals on the two-roll mill for another 10 min, and the compounds were then kept at 25oC at 50% humidity before further use.</span></div>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-71640674302417670872012-04-08T22:31:00.000-07:002012-04-08T22:33:01.048-07:00Material Safety Data Sheet<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWagiman%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWagiman%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" 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Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {mso-style-unhide:no; color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; color:purple; mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size:180%;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 20pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Material Safety Data Sheet</span></i></b></span><span style="font-size: 20pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p><span style="font-size:180%;">RUBBER POWDER</span><br /></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian 1: Identifikasi dan produsen rincian substansi</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nama Produk:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Bubuk Karet (Crumb Rubber)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mesh<span style=""> </span>: 60Mesh<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penggunaan Produk<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Karet & Produk Karet<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Agent <span style=""> </span>Nama<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> CV. DAYA GUNA<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alamat:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Jalan<span style=""> </span>Raya Karanggan Km1,Puspasari, Citeureup,Bogor.16810<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Umum Telpon:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">021.8790.7782<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Umum Faks<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">021.875.5400 <span style=""> </span>HP 08170447832 <span style=""> </span>/ 085217132047<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Email<span style=""> </span>:<span style="color: black;"><a href="mailto:dgchem06@yahoo.co.id"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">dgchem06@yahoo.co.id</span></a> /</span> dgchem06@gmail.com<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MSDS Isu Tanggal<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Januari 17, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian 2<span style=""> </span>: Komposisi / Informasi tentang Bahan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kimia dan <span style=""> </span>Konsentrasi <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Serbuk karet <span style=""> </span>dari<span style=""> </span>telapak Truk <span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Polimer Content-Sekitar 50-62% <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Carbon Black, & Filler lembut <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian 3<span style=""> </span>: <span style=""> </span>Identifikasi Bahaya</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Produk ini tidak berbahaya bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan hidup, tetapi sedikit diperlukan untuk perawatan jika diperlukan karena akibat <span style=""> </span>oksida Zinc. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian 4<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>: <span style=""> </span>Tindakan Pertolongan Pertama</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kontak Mata:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jangan menggosok mata, yang dapat menyebabkan iritasi pada mata. Segera basuh mata yang<span style=""> </span>terkontaminasi <span style=""> </span>dengan air hangat,/atau <span style=""> </span>air yang mengalir selama minimal 5-15 menit sambil mata buka dan tutup. Berhati-hatilah untuk tidak <span style=""> </span>menggunakan<span style=""> </span>air <span style=""> </span>yang <span style=""> </span>terkontaminasi , <span style=""> </span>air <span style=""> </span>kotor, <span style=""> </span>agar tidak memperparah kondisi mata yang terkena. Gunakan<span style=""> </span>larutan garam netral jika mungkin dan lakukan pembilasan jika diperlukan. Jika iritasi mata berlanjut, maka harap pergi ke dokter.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kontak Kulit:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> :<span style=""> </span>Cuci <span style=""> </span>kulit dengan pelan menggunakan <span style=""> </span>sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu. Jika terjadi iritasi dan / atau berkelanjutan, maka<span style=""> </span>carilahh<span style=""> </span>pengobatan medis. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Inhalasi:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hirup <span style=""> </span>udara segar. Minum air untuk <span style=""> </span>melonggarkan tenggorokan . Cuci <span style=""> </span>hidung untuk menghilangkan debu. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tertelan:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Jangan pernah memberikan sesuatu<span style=""> </span>melalui mulut jika korban <span style=""> </span>tidak sadarkan diri atau <span style=""> </span>kejang-kejang. karena efek <span style=""> </span>mengkonsumsi <span style=""> </span>karet<span style=""> </span>dan langsung <span style=""> </span>hubungi medis. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lain-lain Pertolongan Pertama:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jika dipanaskan<span style=""> </span>dengan <span style=""> </span>panas yang berlebihan atau <span style=""> </span>dengan api yang<span style=""> </span>terbuka, produk ini akan<span style=""> </span>terbakar <span style=""> </span>dan menyebabkan pelepasan <span style=""> </span>gas beracun dan tidak mengenakan jika dihirup. Asap mungkin mengandung senyawa berbahaya dan senyawa belerang<span style=""> </span>kuat. Pada kondisi api atau asap terhirup dalam waktu yang lama makan akan <span style=""> </span>menyebabkan iritasi pada mata dan saluran pernafasan. Bubuk atau debu dapat membentuk konsentrasi .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian 5: Fire Fighting Tindakan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kondisi Dari mudah terbakar:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Akan membakar bila terkena panas yang berlebihan atau api. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemadaman Media<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Karbon dioksida, air, busa, kimia kering. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Flashpoint<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak Berlaku <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Upper mudah terbakar Batas:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lower mudah terbakar Batas:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Autosulutan Suhu<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 370-450 deg. C <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alat Pelindung:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam kondisi darurat gunakan <span style=""> </span>media pemadam kebakaran jika diperlukan, gunakan alat pernafasan <span style=""> </span>jika <span style=""> </span>diperlukan<span style=""> </span>untuk menghindari asap / atau <span style=""> </span>gas beracun dan aerosol dari <span style=""> </span>kebakaran. <span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian 6<span style=""> </span>: <span style=""> </span>Tindakan Release Terkadang</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Personil Peringatan:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Gunakan peralatan pelindung pribadi yang tepat seperti yang tercantum dalam bagian 8. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pembersihan Tumpahan Ukuran:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bebaskan <span style=""> </span>dari dampak <span style=""> </span>karet bubuk <span style=""> </span>dalam lingkungan yang dapat menyebabkan kebakaran <span style=""> </span>karena dapat membentuk <span style=""> </span>campuran eksplosif di udara, jauhkan semua sumber <span style=""> </span>panas dan pengapian. Sediakan ventilasi<span style=""> </span>yang cukup untuk<span style=""> </span>menghindari dampak kebakaran. Bersihkan tempat diperlukan, gunakan penyedot debu <span style=""> </span>Hindari <span style=""> </span>terjadinya <span style=""> </span>akumulasi <span style=""> </span>debu kering <span style=""> </span>dan gunakan udara <span style=""> </span>untuk pembersihan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian 7: Penanganan Dan Penyimpanan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penanganan<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak Kewaspadaan Khusus Diperlukan <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penyimpanan:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style=""> </span>Simpan di tempat kering dingin di bawah 60 C jauh dari sumber panas atau pengapian. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p>Bagian 8: Exposure Controls, Perlindungan Pribadi - Pedoman Eksposur</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rekayasa Kontrol<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Gunakan ventilasi udara <span style=""> </span>pembuangan untuk menetralisir udara agar tetap segar Jika produk dipanaskan selama proses, sediakan ventilasi untuk meminimalkan Asap di tempat kerja. <span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian 9<span style=""> </span>: Dan Sifat Kimia Fisik</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bentuk<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hitam bubuk <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bau Dan Penampilan<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Mild karet <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ambang Bau<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak ditentukan <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Titik didih<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak ditentukan <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tingkat Penguapan<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak berlaku <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Melting Point<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak tersedia <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Titik beku<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak dipakai <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kepadatan<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kepadatan uap<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak berlaku <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tekanan uap<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak berlaku <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ph<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak berlaku <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Flash Point<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak Berlaku <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Volatilitas (% volume)<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak berlaku <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Koefisien Air untuk distribusi Minyak:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> tidak tercerna di dalam air, sebagian larut dalam aseton <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pasal 10<span style=""> </span>: Stabilitas dan Reaktivitas</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ChemicalStability<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ya <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Polimerisasi berbahaya<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Tidak akan terjadi <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kondisi Dari ChemicalInstability<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hindari oksidasi yang kuat agen. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zat yang tidak kompatibel<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hindari oksidasi yang kuat agen. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Khusus Dekomposisi Produk<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> terurai di atas 200 toko C pada temperatur dibawah 60 C dalam keberadaan <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Karbon monoksida, karbon dioksida <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian 11<span style=""> </span>: <span style=""> </span>ToxicologicalInformation</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tidak ada data yang tersedia<span style=""> </span>untuk produk ini namun, setelah menggunakan banyak bukti menyarankan bahwa tidak <span style=""> </span>diperlukan klasifikasi di bawah hukum EEC. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian 12<span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span> Informasi Ekologi</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ekotoksisitas<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style=""> </span>Tidak Tersedia <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tidak berbahaya<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style=""> </span>bahan padat tidak larut dalam Biologi degradasi degradasi tahan air <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian 13<span style=""> </span>: <span style=""> </span>Pertimbangan Pembuangan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pembuangan Limbah:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style=""> </span>Tempat digunakan dan terkontaminasi material dan kemasan ke dalam wadah yang sesuai. Review dan <span style=""> </span>mengikuti semua, dan nasional peraturan lokal sebelum pembuangan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pasal 14<span style=""> </span>: Informasi Transportasi</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tidak diklasifikasikan sebagai berbahaya menurut ADR, RID / IMG / IMG / ICAO / ADN. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pasal 15<span style=""> </span>: <span style=""> </span>Informasi Regulasi</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EC label<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span> Tidak diklasifikasikan <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pasal 16: Informasi Tambahan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MSDS Isu Catatan<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Disclaimer<span style=""> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Informasi Keselamatan dan Kesehatan ini adalah benar dan yang terbaik dari pengetahuan kami, kami tidak dapat menerima tanggung jawab untuk setiap cedera, kerugian atau kerusakan yang mungkin timbul dari hasil <span style=""> </span>penggunaan produk kami. <span style=""> </span>Kami <span style=""> </span>menjamin, sejauh penggunaan pada tempatnya dan cukup pada formula yang dibutuhkan tidak akan terjadi hal hal yang diluar prediksi dan<span style=""> </span>bahwa setiap revisi Lembaran data akan kami kirim kepada semua <span style=""> </span>pelanggan. kepada siapa saja <span style=""> </span>kita diberikan<span style=""> </span>keterangan <span style=""> </span>ini, tetapi harus menunjukkan bahwa itu adalah tanggung jawab <span style=""> </span>kami sebagai pemasok. <span style=""> </span>Informasi <span style=""> </span>diberikan dalam Lembar Data dirancang hanya sebagai pedoman untuk penanganan, penyimpanan dan penggunaan <span style=""> </span>substansi. Ini bukan spesifikasi, <span style=""> </span>juga tidak menjamin setiap sifat tertentu. Semua bahan kimia harus <span style=""> </span>dan hanya ditangani oleh personel yang kompeten, dalam lingkungan yang terkendali. Haruslah <span style=""> </span>Informasi lebih lanjut akan <span style=""> </span>diperlukan, hal ini dapat diperoleh melalui kantor pabrik yang alamatnya ada di bagian atas lembar data ini. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-61273784099496764662012-04-08T22:00:00.000-07:002012-04-08T22:01:46.443-07:00RECYCLE RUBBER<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name"> Rubber Powder and Reclaimed Rubber </h3> <div class="post-header"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span class="hps">Recycle</span> <span class="hps">Rubber</span> <span class="hps">is the answer</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">in the</span> <span class="hps">fight against</span> <span class="hps">global</span> <span class="hps">competition</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">where the use</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">in accordance with the</span> <span class="hps">demands of</span> <span class="hps">quality</span> <span class="hps">is the</span> <span class="hps">basis of</span> <span class="hps">its use</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">do not delay</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">give it a try</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">because it</span> <span class="hps">does not offer</span> <span class="hps">produks</span> <span class="hps">dayaguna</span> <span class="hps">Reclaimed</span> <span class="hps">Rubber</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Rubber</span> <span class="hps">Powder</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">not</span> <span class="hps">qualified</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">we</span> <span class="hps">know</span> <span class="hps">the exact</span> <span class="hps">risks</span> <span class="hps">from the use of</span> <span class="hps">goods</span> <span class="hps">that are not</span> <span class="hps">recommended</span> <span class="hps">by the</span> <span class="hps">test</span> <span class="hps">laboratory</span><span>.</span></span><br /><span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"></span><br /><span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span class="hps">Opposed to</span> <span class="hps">business</span> <span class="hps">competition</span> <span class="hps">with the calculation of</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">quality of</span> <span class="hps">Recycle</span> <span class="hps">Rubber</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">the answer</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">We are very</span> <span class="hps">concert</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">quality</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">do not hesitate</span> <span class="hps">to contact us</span> <span class="hps">if</span> <span class="hps">you</span> <span class="hps">need us</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">we</span> <span class="hps">will</span> <span class="hps">gladly</span> <span class="hps">assist</span> <span class="hps">you</span><span>.</span></span><br /><span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"></span><br /><span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"> <span class="hps">We</span> <span class="hps">do not</span> <span class="hps">forget</span> <span class="hps">the trust that</span> <span class="hps">you</span> <span class="hps">provide to us</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">cooperation</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">we</span> <span class="hps">thank</span> <span class="hps">you very much</span><span>.</span></span></span></div>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-16585904955296951402012-04-08T21:09:00.001-07:002012-04-08T21:20:11.255-07:00Surface 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text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Best Practices </span></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Surface Modification <span style=""> </span></span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">in Scrap Tires & Rubber Recycling<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Processing / Materials Preparation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Page 1 of 2 BP-T2-04-06.doc<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">© Copyright 1998 CWC. All rights reserved. Federal Copyright Laws prohibit reproduction in whole or in part without express permission of CWC.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Additives for Surface Modification Material: Recycled Rubber from Tires, Industrial Scrap Rubber, and Post-Consumer Scrap Rubber Products<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.5pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.5pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Issue: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Virgin rubbers are high viscosity liquids. Recycled rubbers are produced from used rubber items that are higher in viscosity and molecular weight. As a result, it is usually difficult to get good bonding and dispersion of recycled rubber in virgin rubber. Surface modifiers are added to improve the compatibility of recycled rubber with virgin rubber.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.5pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Best Practice: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A tremendous amount of research has been done in this area. The most practical applications of the surface modifiers are shown below: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Material <span style=""> </span>Supplier <span style=""> </span>Cost, $/lb <span style=""> </span>Use<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Urethanes <span style=""> </span>Bayer, Uniroyal <span style=""> </span>2.00 <span style=""> </span>Moisture Seal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SBR Latex <span style=""> </span>Many <span style=""> </span>0.50 <span style=""> </span>Binder/Wetting Agent<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NR Latex <span style=""> </span>Many <span style=""> </span>0.60 <span style=""> </span>Binder/Wetting Agent<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ricon 100 (Sol SBR) <span style=""> </span>Ricon Resins<span style=""> </span>2.30 <span style=""> </span>Binder/Adhesive<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Vestenamer <span style=""> </span>Huls <span style=""> </span>2.00 <span style=""> </span>Thermoplastic Binder<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Vestol 28 <span style=""> </span>Struktol <span style=""> </span>1.00 <span style=""> </span>Curable regrind wetting agent<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Struktol 40 MS <span style=""> </span>Struktol <span style=""> </span>\0.60 <span style=""> </span>Noncurable regrind homog. agent<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GRA Flow <span style=""> </span>Polymers <span style=""> </span>Unknown <span style=""> </span>Binding Agent<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">See <i>Fillers-Recycled Crumb Rubber</i>, <i>Recycled Rubber Content Effect on Properties of Virgin Compounds</i>, and<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Surface Modified Recyclates </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Best Practices. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.5pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Implementation: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The materials listed above can be added to virgin compounds at application dependent levels during the mixing stage. The ultimate application of the compound will determine the type and amount of additive that needs to be used (e.g., non-similar chemistry blends/additions, base chemistry types, etc.). Any manufacturer making rubber compounds is a candidate to use these materials.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.5pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Benefits: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The reason for using surface modifiers is to improve interpolymer compatibility, end-use properties, processing characteristics, and mix consistency when using recycled rubber by improving the surface bonding/adhesion of the virgin rubber and the recyclate. The urethanes make up 90-95% of surface modifiers used for modifying recycled rubber due to their ease of implementation and adhesive characteristics.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.5pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Application Sites: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">For detailed information about the suppliers and users of surface modifiers, see the Rubber Blue Book and the Scrap Tire Directory.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.5pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contact: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">For more information about this Best Practice, contact the CWC at (206) 443-7746, email <a href="mailto:info@cwc.org">info@cwc.org</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.5pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">References:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Struktol Technical Bulletin, “Struktol Vestol 28”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. US Patent to Fred Stark, Rubber Recovery Institute, on Surface Modification.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Trautman, John, Midwest Elastomers, P.O. Box 412, Wapakoneta, OH.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Wasko, Joe, Struktol Co., 201 E. Steels Corner Road, Stow, OH.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5. Fesus, Ed, Goldsmith & Eggleton, 300 First Street, Wadsworth, OH.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6. Smith, Fernly, President, ETA, 3862 The Ridge, Port Clinton, OH.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7. See Best Practices on <i>Bonding Agents, Adhesives, and Binders</i>.</span></p> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-64084952662877702122012-04-08T20:54:00.003-07:002012-04-08T21:05:32.051-07:00Company Profile<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Wagiman/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-4.png" alt="" /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:180%;"> COMPANY PROFILE</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"> <br /><br /> <span style="font-size:180%;">DAYAGUNA.CV</span><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> Jl. Raya Karanggan Km1, Puspasari, Citeureup, Bogor. 16810</span><br /></div><div> </div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Phone<span style=""> </span>: 062-021.87907782 Mobile Phone : 08170447832 / 085217132047<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Fax : 021.8755400 Email : </span></i><a href="mailto:dgchem06@yahoo.co.id"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">dgchem06@yahoo.co.id </span></i></a><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">dgchem06gmail.com<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">Website </span></i><a href="http://cv-daya.blogspot.com/"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://cv-daya.blogspot.com</span></i></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.Company<span style=""> </span>Profile <o:p></o:p></span></p> <form> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAYAGUNA</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">is activities on base</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">in</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the field of</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">waste</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">rubber</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">as</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the sole</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">holder of</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">rubber</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">powder</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">rubber</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">reclaimed</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">aims and objectives</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dayaguna.cv</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">established</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">is</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">directly</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">or indirectly</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">help preserve the</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">environment by</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">small</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">run an economy</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">at a time</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">by holding</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a small</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">business</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">partners</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">in</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the manufacture</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">of rubber</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">seat</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bucket</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">rope</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">or</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">strap</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">chairs</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">jog</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The next</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">impact</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">is</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">going to</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">help provide</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">quality</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">of service</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">production and</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">production costs</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">are</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">reasonable</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">controlled</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">to</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a large</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">manufacturer</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Company</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">thus gaining</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">an increasingly</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">strong</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">competitiveness</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and simultaneously</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">contribute to</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">reduction of</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">unemployment</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAYAGUNA</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>are</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">founded</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">based in</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bogor</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">at the same time</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">trying to</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">join</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the campaign</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">program</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">of healthy living</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">environment</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">by contributing to</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">reducing the</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">risk of</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">impact</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">or</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">exhaust emissions</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">of</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">smoke</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">from</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the burning of</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">waste</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">rubber</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">evoked</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAYAGUNA</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">is</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">an</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">active</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">company</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">in the field of</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">trade</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">in particular</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">"</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reclaimed </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rubber</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and Rubber</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Powder</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">" was established </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">since 1998</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">with</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">travel and</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">long experience</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">in the field of</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">waste</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tires</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">create</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">more</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">confidence</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">to</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">better</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">serve</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">work</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The aim</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">of achieving</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">customer</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAYAGUNA</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">business concept</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">as</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">suppliers</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">' </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reclaimed</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rubber</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and Rubber</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Powder</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">" </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">is </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">made</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">directly</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">contributes</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">to</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">preserving the environment</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">has the vision</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mission</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">that play a role</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">in</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">providing care</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">comfort</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">to the general public</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">about the impact</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">of waste</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">combustion</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">which in turn</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">provide</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">positive</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">benefits</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">on</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">all parties</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.Products<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rubber Powder are the results of our maximum effort to offer the best quality and highest of crumb rubber. Useful for tires industries, automotive spare parts, shoes sole, rubber hoses and rubber industry has been using them a lot. Our based of raw material are production from truck and bus tires to convert a large size so that an adequate quality has got equality, we make rubber powder is the best and can be used in a number of industries. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rubber Powder can be used as ingredients in products such as rubber tires, rubber boards, pipes, and overshoes. In addition, it can also be combined with others to ensure that products <span style=""> </span>We can use in many different types of rubber industry. Products we've tested in laboratory testing as a basis to assure our customers that products </span><span class="hps">exports</span><span class="shorttext"> </span><span class="hps">standardized</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, does not contain harmful chemicals, which contain very little dust, clean, damp, and guaranteed continuity of supply, as well as safe, <span style=""> </span>all we hold to be more better and more secure. It can also be used as an additive to improve the ductility of the material shrinkage and rubber. Finally, the rubber powder can serve as a vital ingredient for the construction industry to make products more shock resistant and waterproof.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Grades of Rubber Powder</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DGRP-20M <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DGRP-30M<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DGRP-40M<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DGRP-60M<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Grades of Reclaimed Rubber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Super Quality<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Premium Quality<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 20pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Process <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rubber Powder is produced only from the tread surface of a truck or bus. In the initial stages, gum goes through sophisticated separation and purification process to be free of all contaminants. In the next phase is the packing is necessary in order products remain in excellent condition, no damp, and so on. Finally, is to ensure that the manufacturing process in the service of the specified product specifications.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 20pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Production Capacity<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />Total production capacity of approximately 400 MT / month, orders will be produced on demand by customers spec 20M, 30M, 40M and 60M for a while finer size can not serve.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Packaging</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /><br />Packaging unit double PE in 20kg/bag<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 20pt;">Advantage</span></strong><span style="font-size: 20pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);">Rubber Powder made from recycling of waste tire, this<span style=""> </span>materials is growing importance for all the industries in the world. The automotive and transportation industries are the biggest consumers. Rubber powder from tires can be used for manufacturing tires, bicycle tire, retread tire, rubber spare part, fender, rubber hoses, However, the material recycling in form of<span style=""> </span>rubber powder and reclaimed rubber <span style=""> </span>widely applicable in practical rubber products.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Recycled rubber finds applications in tires, hoses, belts and mats. Common tests for rubber products compounds are tensile, elongation, modulus and hardness. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">However, special tests are required <b>for </b>very specific applications. For instance, ageing and heat build-up properties are a must for tire carcass </span></i><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Courier New";">compounds, </span></i></b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and fire resistance for automotive hose. With the use of recycled rubber, these properties remain equally important. </span></i><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rubber Powder can be used to overcome the surface of the calendared sheets. It helps in improving the air holes in the product, thus making them more utility. The Rubber Powder can also be used for providing durable and heat resistant. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">How to Use<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To better</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span class="hps">blend with the</span> <span class="hps">green</span> <span class="hps">rubber</span> <span class="hps">preferably through</span> <span class="hps">the process of</span> <span class="hps">mastication</span>, <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">the following stages</span>:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. <span style=""> </span><span class="hps">Add</span> <span class="hps"><b style=""><i style="">Peptizing</i></b></span><b style=""><i style=""> <span class="hps">agent</span></i></b> <span class="hps">as much as</span> <span class="hps">+</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">-0.2</span> <span class="hps">-</span> <span class="hps">0.5</span> <span class="hps">phr</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">kneader</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">temperature</span>, <span class="hps">rotation</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">normal</span> <span class="hps">capacity</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">B</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. <span style=""> </span><span class="hps">Furthermore, after</span> <span class="hps">masticated</span> <span class="hps">forwarded to the</span> <span class="hps">open</span> <span class="hps">rubber</span> <span class="hps">mill</span> <span class="hps">by adding</span> <span class="hps">chemicals</span> <span class="hps">as directed</span> <span class="hps">by</span> <span class="hps">the specified time</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">cure</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C.<span style=""> </span>Rubber compound using rubber powder necessary</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span class="hps">to add <b style=""><i style="">Surface</i></b></span><b style=""><i style=""> <span class="hps">modifiers</span></i></b><span style=""> </span><span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">reason</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">using</span> <span class="hps">surface</span> <span class="hps">modifiers</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">improve</span> <span class="hps">inter polymer</span> <span class="hps">compatibility</span>,<span style=""> </span><span class="hps">properties</span>, <span class="hps">processing</span> <span class="hps">characteristics</span>, <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">mix</span> <span class="hps">consistency. </span><span style=""> </span><span class="hps">Surface</span> <span class="hps">modifiers</span> <span class="hps">used</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">modifying</span> <span class="hps">recycled</span> <span class="hps">rubber</span> <span class="hps">due</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">Their</span> <span class="hps">ease of</span> <span class="hps">implementation</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">adhesive</span> <span class="hps">characteristics</span>.<b><i> <o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Virgin<span style=""> </span>rubbers are high viscosity, and recycled rubbers<span style=""> </span>are higher in viscosity and molecular weight. As a result, it is usually difficult to get good bonding and dispersion they needed a Surface modifiers <span style=""> </span>to improve the compatibility of recycled rubber with virgin rubber</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span class="hps"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Surface</span></i></b></span><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span class="hps">modifiers</span></span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>can<span style=""> </span>be added to virgin compounds at application dependent levels during the mixings stage. The ultimate application of the compound will depend of <span style=""> </span>type and mount of additive that needs to be used. Any manufacturing <span style=""> </span>rubber compounds is a candidate to use these materials.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Business Strategy<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAYAGUNA</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">always trying to</span><span style=""> </span><span class="hps">provide the best service</span>, <span class="hps">good</span> <span class="hps">quality, good service</span>, on time <span class="hps">delivery</span>, <span style=""> </span>competitive price <span class="hps">and</span> </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">quality</span></span><span class="shorttext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">standards will be always </span></span><span class="shorttext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">maintained and control by R & D</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, so always <span class="hps">existing</span> <span class="hps">centers</span> <span class="hps">of research</span> <span class="hps">centers</span> <span class="hps">such as</span> </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rubber</span></span><span class="shorttext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Technology</span></span><span class="shorttext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Testing Center</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (BPTK)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Center</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span class="hps">for the Assessment and</span> <span class="hps">Application of</span> <span class="hps">Technology</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (BPPT)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span class="hps">made </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span class="hps">basis</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">we</span> <span class="hps">are always</span> <span class="hps">committed</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">quality</span> <span class="hps">products</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 20pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 20pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Legal Company<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">LIST<span style=""> </span>OF </span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span></span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">COMPANIES</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SIGN<span style=""> </span></span></i></span><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>10.20.3.51.01568<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TAX PAYER</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span></span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NUMBER</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">OF</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">COMPANIES<span style=""> </span></span></i></span><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:<span style=""> </span>01.908.458.1-436.000<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PRIVATE</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span></span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NUMBER</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span></span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">OF</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TAXPAYERS<span style=""> </span></span></i></span><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>09.210.855.4-436.000<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">LETTER OF</span></i></span><span class="shorttext"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CONSENT</span></i></span><span class="shorttext"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">OF</span></i></span><span class="shorttext"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TRADE</span></i></span><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>01116./10-20/PK/P1/IX/2009<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TAXABLE<span style=""> </span></span></i></span><span class="shorttext"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span></span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ENTREPRENEURS</span></i></span><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>09.210.855.4-436.000<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">OFFICE<span style=""> </span>ADDRESS<span style=""> </span></span></i></span><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span><span class="hps">Jl</span>. <span class="hps">Karanggan</span> <span class="hps">Km1</span>, <span class="hps">Puspasari</span>, <span class="hps">Citeureup</span>, <span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Bogor. 16810.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Phone Number<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>021.8790.7782<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fax Number<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>021.875.5400<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mobile phone<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>08170447832 / 085217132047<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-indent: -2.5in;"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">EMAIL<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span></span></i><a href="mailto:dgchem06@yahoo.ci.id"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;">dgchem06@yahoo.ci.id</span></i></a><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black;"> /dgchem06@gmail.com</span></i><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 112, 192);"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">WEBSITE<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>Website http://cvdayaguna.blogspot.com<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">enclosing</span></i></span><span class="shorttext"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></span><span class="hps"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">copies</span></i></span><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">5. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bank Account </span></span><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Name of Bank</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>BCA<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Account Number<span style=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span> 572-0399905(IDR)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>572-0490716(USD)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bank Address<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>Jl. Mayor Oking Jaya Atmaja , Citeureup, Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Name of Bank<span style=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>BRI<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Account Number<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:<span style=""> </span>0531-01-000036-15-7<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Address<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>Jl. Surya Kencana Bogor<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Name of Bank</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>PERMATA<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Account Number</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>730-1036765 a/a WAGIMAN<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Address<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>Jl.Raya Cibinong, Bogor <o:p></o:p></span></p> </form>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-81433967837036147212012-04-08T20:35:00.002-07:002012-04-08T20:50:30.948-07:00MECANICAL PROPERTIES GREEN COMPND VS COMPND + GTR<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 503pt;" width="666" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><col style="width: 92pt;" width="122"> <col style="width: 3pt;" width="4"> <col style="width: 34pt;" width="45"> <col style="width: 30pt;" width="40"> <col style="width: 3pt;" width="4"> <col style="width: 29pt;" width="38"> <col style="width: 34pt;" width="45"> <col style="width: 29pt;" width="38"> <col style="width: 4pt;" width="5"> <col style="width: 35pt;" width="46"> <col style="width: 33pt;" width="44"> <col style="width: 34pt;" width="45"> <col style="width: 3pt;" width="4"> <col style="width: 29pt;" width="39"> <col style="width: 36pt;" width="48"> <col style="width: 35pt;" width="47"> <col style="width: 5pt;" width="6"> <col style="width: 35pt;" width="46"> <tbody><tr style="height: 15pt;" align="center" height="20"> <td colspan="18" rowspan="2" class="xl168" style="height: 30pt; width: 503pt;" width="666" height="40">MECANICAL PROPERTIS<span style=""> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" align="center" height="20"> <td colspan="18" class="xl145" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">example<span style=""> </span>:</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 18.75pt;" align="center" height="25"> <td colspan="18" class="xl172" style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25">A. GREEN NR<span style=""> </span>VS COMP + GPR<span style=""> </span>Whit<span style=""> </span>MASTICATIONS</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 18.75pt;" align="center" height="25"> <td colspan="18" class="xl172" style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25">B. GREEN NR<span style=""> </span>VS COMP<span style=""> </span>+ GPR<span style=""> </span>Whitout<span style=""> </span>PROSES MASTICATIONS</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25"> <td class="xl133" style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u style="visibility: hidden;"> </u></span></td> <td class="xl77"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl98"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl98"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl98"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl98"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl98"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl98"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl98"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl98"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl98"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl132"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u style="visibility: hidden;"> </u></span></td> <td class="xl132"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u style="visibility: hidden;"> </u></span></td> <td class="xl132"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u style="visibility: hidden;"> </u></span></td> <td class="xl132"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u style="visibility: hidden;"> </u></span></td> <td class="xl133"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u style="visibility: hidden;"> </u></span></td> <td class="xl133"><u style="visibility: hidden;"> </u></td> <td class="xl133"><u style="visibility: hidden;"> </u></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25"> <td rowspan="2" class="xl149" style="border-bottom: 2pt double black; height: 35.25pt; text-align: center;" height="47"><span style="font-size:85%;">MATERIAL</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl129"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u style="visibility: hidden;"> </u></span></td> <td colspan="9" class="xl154" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">WHIT MASTICATION</span></td> <td colspan="5" class="xl222" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; border-left: medium none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">WHITOUT MASTICATION</span></td> <td class="xl137" style="border-top: medium none;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="xl220" style="border-bottom: 2pt double black; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">CURE</span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"> <td class="xl130" style="height: 16.5pt; text-align: center;" height="22"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="9" class="xl151" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">KNEADER/BANBURY<span style=""> </span>PROCESS</span></td> <td colspan="5" class="xl225" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; border-left: medium none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">MIXING PROCESS</span></td> <td class="xl134"> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25"> <td class="xl99" style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25"><span style="font-size:85%;">NR</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td rowspan="2" class="xl184" style="border-bottom: 2pt double black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">GREEN</span></td> <td rowspan="2" class="xl106" style="border-bottom: 2pt double black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">PROSES</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl106"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl65"><span style="font-size:85%;">TEMP</span></td> <td class="xl65" style="border-left: medium none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">SCREW</span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl214" style="border-right: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: medium none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">WORK</span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl95" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; border-left: medium none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">PROSES</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl69"><span style="font-size:85%;">OP</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" class="xl166"><span style="font-size:85%;">CHEMICAL</span></td> <td rowspan="2" class="xl107" style="border-bottom: 2pt double black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">TIME</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td rowspan="2" class="xl158" style="border-bottom: 2pt double black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">TEMP</span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 16.5pt; border-top: medium none;" height="22"><span style="font-size:85%;">PEPTIZING<span style=""> </span></span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl106"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl66"><span style="font-size:85%;">PROSES</span></td> <td class="xl66" style="border-left: medium none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">SPEED</span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl216" style="border-right: 0.5pt solid black; border-left: medium none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">CAPITY</span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl188" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; border-left: medium none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">TIME</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl71"><span style="font-size:85%;">TEMP</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl71"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl67" style="border-top: medium none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">NAME</span></td> <td class="xl68" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">PHR</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 21pt;" height="28"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 21pt; border-top: medium none;" height="28"><span style="font-size:85%;">ZNO</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td rowspan="2" class="xl131"><span style="font-size:85%;">NR</span></td> <td rowspan="6" class="xl197" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=""> </span>KNEADER</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl107"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td rowspan="6" class="xl200" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=""> </span>180-230 C</span></td> <td rowspan="6" class="xl203" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=""> </span>375 RPM</span></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="6" class="xl218" style="border-right: 0.5pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=""> </span>80-120<br />KG</span></td> <td rowspan="6" class="xl107" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style=""> 1 </span><br /></span></td> <td rowspan="6" class="xl158" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;"><span style="font-size:78%;">MENIT</span></td> <td rowspan="6" class="xl181" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-top: medium none;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style=""> </span>60 C</span></td> <td class="xl107" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">ZNO<span style=""> </span></span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5</span></td> <td class="xl110" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl95" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td rowspan="6" class="xl179" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=""> </span>160 C</span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15pt; border-top: medium none;" height="20"><span style="font-size:85%;">STA</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl107"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl107" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl111" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">STA</span></td> <td class="xl111" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></td> <td class="xl128" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5</span></td> <td class="xl96" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">N220</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl131"><span style="font-size:85%;">+</span></td> <td class="xl107"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl107" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl111" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">N220</span></td> <td class="xl111" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">35</span></td> <td class="xl128" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl96" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">GPR</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl135"><span style="font-size:85%;">PEPT</span></td> <td class="xl107"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl107" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl111" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">GTR</span></td> <td class="xl111" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">10,2</span></td> <td class="xl112" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl96" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">CBS</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl135"><span style="font-size:85%;">AGENT</span></td> <td class="xl107"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl107" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl111" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">CBS</span></td> <td class="xl111" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,7</span></td> <td class="xl111" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1</span></td> <td class="xl95" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"> <td class="xl101" style="height: 16.5pt; border-top: medium none;" height="22"><span style="font-size:85%;">SULPHUR</span></td> <td class="xl92"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl136"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,2-0,5</span></td> <td class="xl108"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl108" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl113" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">S</span></td> <td class="xl113" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,25</span></td> <td class="xl113" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,5</span></td> <td class="xl97" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl72"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl73"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl78"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl78"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl78"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl78"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl78"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl72"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl78"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl73"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl73"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl73"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl78"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl78"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"> <td class="xl84" style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl85"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="14" class="xl192" style="border-right: 0.5pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">RUBBER<span style=""> </span>COMPOUND<span style=""> </span></span></td> <td class="xl85"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td rowspan="5" class="xl175" style="border-bottom: 2pt double black;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=""> </span>UNIT</span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl86" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">ITEM</span></td> <td class="xl79"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="6" class="xl192" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">MASTICATION<span style=""> </span></span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl75"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="7" class="xl192" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">WHITOUT<span style=""> </span>MASTICATION</span></td> <td class="xl76"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl86" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl79"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="6" class="xl146" style="border-right: 1pt solid black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">GREEN<span style=""> </span>VS<span style=""> </span>+ GTR<span style=""> </span>MASTICATION</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl79"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="7" class="xl146" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">GREEN<span style=""> </span>VS<span style=""> </span>+ GTR<span style=""> </span>WHITOUT MASTICATION<span style=""> </span></span></td> <td class="xl76"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl86" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl79"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" class="xl102"><span style="font-size:85%;">GREEN</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl76"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="3" class="xl207" style="border-right: 0.5pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">ADDED GTR</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl79"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="7" class="xl209" style="border-right: 0.5pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">ADDED GTR</span></td> <td class="xl76"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"> <td class="xl87" style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl80"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl195" style="border-right: 1pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">FORMULA 1</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl90"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="3" class="xl142" style="border-right: 0.5pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">FORMULA 2</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl90"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="3" class="xl142" style="border-right: 0.5pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">FORMULA 3</span></td> <td class="xl138" style="border-top: medium none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="3" class="xl142" style="border-right: 0.5pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">FORMULA 4</span></td> <td class="xl90"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl99" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><span style="font-size:85%;">NR</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl173" style="border-right: 0.5pt solid black;"><span style="font-size:85%;">100</span></td> <td class="xl107" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">100</span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">100</span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">100</span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">100</span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">100</span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">100</span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">96.6</span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">89.8</span></td> <td class="xl109" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">83</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td rowspan="7" class="xl213"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=""> </span>PHR</span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl122" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">GTR</span></td> <td class="xl123"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl121"><span style="font-size:85%;">0</span></td> <td class="xl124" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl121" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">10</span></td> <td class="xl121" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">30</span></td> <td class="xl121" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">50</span></td> <td class="xl121" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl121" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">10</span></td> <td class="xl121" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">30</span></td> <td class="xl121" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">50</span></td> <td class="xl121" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl121" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">3,4</span></td> <td class="xl121" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">10,2</span></td> <td class="xl121" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">17</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">ZNO</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">5</span></td> <td class="xl114" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">STA</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></td> <td class="xl114" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">N220</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">35</span></td> <td class="xl114" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">35</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">35</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">35</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">35</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">35</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">35</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">35</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">35</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">35</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">CBS</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,7</span></td> <td class="xl114" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,7</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,7</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,7</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,7</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,7</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,7</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,7</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,7</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,7</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">SULPHUR</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,25</span></td> <td class="xl114" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,25</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,25</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,25</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,25</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,25</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,25</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,25</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,25</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,25</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"> <td class="xl101" style="height: 16.5pt; border-top: medium none;" height="22"><span style="font-size:85%;">TOTAL PHR</span></td> <td class="xl92"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl89"><span style="font-size:85%;">142</span></td> <td class="xl115" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">152</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">172</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">192</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">152</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">172</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">192</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">139</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">131.8</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">142</span></td> <td class="xl93"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl94"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl72"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl74"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl74"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl81"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl74"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl74"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl82"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl74"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl74"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl74"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl74"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl74"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl74"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl74"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl74"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl73"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl83"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl103" style="height: 15.75pt; text-align: center;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">TEST</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;" class="xl104"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="14" class="xl169" style="border-right: 0.5pt solid black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">PROPERTIES<span style=""> </span></span></td> <td class="xl104"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl105"><span style="font-size:85%;">unit</span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl99" style="height: 15.75pt; text-align: center;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">TENSILE STRENG</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl102"><span style="font-size:85%;">23,2</span></td> <td class="xl116" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl125" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">13,1</span></td> <td class="xl102" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">9,6</span></td> <td class="xl102" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">6,5</span></td> <td class="xl102" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl102" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">20,4</span></td> <td class="xl102" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">14,6</span></td> <td class="xl102" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">13,4</span></td> <td class="xl102" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl139" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">26,3</span></td> <td class="xl102" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">20,4</span></td> <td class="xl102" style="border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">20,7</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td rowspan="2" class="xl190"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Mpa)</span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">+/-</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,5</span></td> <td class="xl117" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl126" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">4,7</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,1</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1,9</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,9</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">3,3</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl140" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,8</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,7</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">ELONGATION</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">719</span></td> <td class="xl117" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl126" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">256,7</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">313,8</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">241,0</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">438,5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">379,1</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">422,7</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl140" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">522,8</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">469,4</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">425,8</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td rowspan="2" class="xl191" style="border-top: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(%)</span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">+/-</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">9,9</span></td> <td class="xl117" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl126" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">76,5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">47,3</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">18,2</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">106,9</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">51,2</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">66,6</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl140" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">12,9</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">26,0</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">11,8</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">TEAR STRENG</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">20,8</span></td> <td class="xl117" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl126" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">20,1</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">16,8</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">22,5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">20,6</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">19,9</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">27,0</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl140" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">17,1</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">19,7</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">22,4</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td rowspan="2" class="xl191" style="border-top: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(N/mm)</span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">+/-</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,2</span></td> <td class="xl117" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl126" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">6,9</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">3,6</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">6,9</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">8,3</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,8</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,9</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl140" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1,9</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2,4</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">4,7</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">ABRASI</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">150</span></td> <td class="xl117" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl126" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">111</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">120</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">132</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">157</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">210</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">239</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl140" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">122</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">132</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">132</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td rowspan="2" class="xl191" style="border-top: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(mm.sup.3)</span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">+/-</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">7</span></td> <td class="xl117" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl126" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">16</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">11</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">8</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">10</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">3</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl140" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">4</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 15.75pt; border-top: medium none;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">HARDNES A</span></td> <td class="xl91"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl88"><span style="font-size:85%;">54</span></td> <td class="xl117" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl126" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">59,0</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">61</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">59</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">54</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">52,4</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">51</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl140" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">57,5</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">60</span></td> <td class="xl88" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">64,5</span></td> <td class="xl70"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td rowspan="2" class="xl191" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-top: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Shore A</span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;" height="22"> <td class="xl100" style="height: 16.5pt; border-top: medium none;" height="22"><span style="font-size:85%;">+/-</span></td> <td class="xl92"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td colspan="2" class="xl89"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,5</span></td> <td class="xl118" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl127" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,5</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">6,0</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,5</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,5</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1,5</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1,5</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> <td class="xl141" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">1,5</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,5</span></td> <td class="xl89" style="border-top: medium none; border-left: medium none;"><span style="font-size:85%;">0,5</span></td> <td class="xl93"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl119" colspan="4" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />GTR (GROUND TIRE RUBBER )</span></td> <td class="xl119"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl119"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl119"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl119"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl119"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl119"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="7" class="xl160"><span style="font-size:85%;">BY<span style=""> </span>RUBBER TECHNOLOGI<span style=""> </span></span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl120" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><span style="font-size:85%;">RPO<span style=""> </span>ADJUSTED</span></td> <td class="xl64"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl64"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl64"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl64"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl64"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl64"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl64"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl64"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl64"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl64"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl64"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td class="xl64"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="5" class="xl161"><span style="font-size:85%;">POSTED BY CV.DAYAGUNA</span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></td> <td colspan="5" class="xl157"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="mailto:dgchem06@yahoo.co.id"><span style="color: black; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none;">dgchem06@yahoo.co.id</span></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-16601641674515605192012-04-08T20:14:00.002-07:002012-04-08T20:29:44.743-07:00CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS RUBBER POWDER<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 370pt;" width="491" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><col style="width: 110pt;" width="146"> <col style="width: 109pt;" width="145"> <col style="width: 59pt;" width="78"> <col style="width: 92pt;" width="122"> <tbody><tr style="height: 20.25pt;" align="center" height="27"> <td colspan="4" class="xl80" style="height: 20.25pt; width: 370pt;" width="491" height="27">CERTIFICATE<span style=""> </span>OF<span style=""> </span>ANALISYS</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 20.25pt;" align="center" height="27"> <td colspan="4" class="xl79" style="height: 20.25pt;" height="27">RUBBER POWDER</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 18.75pt;" align="center" height="25"> <td colspan="4" class="xl81" style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25">Origin Sources : Tires Truck and Buses</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 18.75pt;" align="center" height="25"> <td colspan="4" class="xl82" style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25">Based<span style=""> </span>On Result Test<span style=""> </span>by :</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 18.75pt;" align="center" height="25"> <td colspan="4" class="xl82" style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25">Bogor<span style=""> </span>Research Institute for Rubber<span style=""> </span>Technology (BPTK)<span style=""> </span></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 18.75pt;" align="center" height="25"> <td colspan="4" class="xl82" style="height: 18.75pt;" height="25">Research Center and Application Technology(BPPT)</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl65" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> <td class="xl65"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21">Chemical Porperties</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td rowspan="2" class="xl74" style="height: 31.5pt;" height="42">ANALISYS</td> <td class="xl75">TEST<span style=""> </span></td> <td rowspan="2" class="xl76">Unit</td> <td class="xl76">Rubber Powder</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl75" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21">METHODE</td> <td class="xl76">40 & 60Mesh</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Acetone Extract</td> <td class="xl77">ASTM D297-93 (ra2002)</td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72">9.69</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Ash Content</td> <td class="xl77">ASTM D297-93 (ra2002)</td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72">5.4</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Carbon Content</td> <td class="xl72">BPTK Bogor</td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72">28.45</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Polymers Content</td> <td class="xl72">BPTK Bogor</td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72">56.47</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl66" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl67"><br /></td> <td class="xl67"><br /></td> <td class="xl67"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td colspan="4" class="xl78" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Content of Hazardous Chemicals</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Pb (Lead)Content</td> <td class="xl72">BPTK Bogor</td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72">0.03</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Cd (Cadmium) Content</td> <td class="xl72">BPTK Bogor</td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72"><0.001</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Cr (Cromium) Content</td> <td class="xl72">BPTK Bogor</td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72"><0.0002</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Hg (Mercury) Content</td> <td class="xl72">BPTK Bogor</td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72"><0.01</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl69" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21">Physical Properties</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Passing Test</td> <td class="xl72">ASTM D5644-01</td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72">97.66</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Heating Loss test</td> <td class="xl72">ASTM D1503-05</td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72">1.1</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Metal Content</td> <td class="xl72">ASTM D5603-01</td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72">0</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Fiber Content</td> <td class="xl72">ASTM D5603-01</td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72">0</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl66" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td class="xl67"><br /></td> <td class="xl67"><br /></td> <td class="xl67"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21"> <td class="xl69" style="height: 15.75pt;" height="21">General Test</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Specific<span style=""> </span>Grafity</td> <td class="xl71"> </td> <td class="xl72">gr/cm</td> <td class="xl72">0.68-1.12</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Moisture Content</td> <td class="xl71"> </td> <td class="xl72">%</td> <td class="xl72">0.27</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Density</td> <td class="xl71"> </td> <td class="xl72">g/ml</td> <td class="xl72">0.95</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Surface Area</td> <td class="xl71"> </td> <td class="xl72">m2/g</td> <td class="xl77">15.98</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Appearance</td> <td class="xl70"> </td> <td class="xl72">Color</td> <td class="xl77">Black Powder</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl70" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Packaging</td> <td class="xl71"> </td> <td class="xl72">20kg/bag</td> <td class="xl72">double PE</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" height="20"> <td class="xl66" style="height: 15pt;" height="20"><br /></td> <td><br /></td> <td class="xl67"><br /></td> <td class="xl67"><br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" align="center" height="20"> <td colspan="4" class="xl67" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">DAYAGUNA.CV</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" align="center" height="20"> <td colspan="4" class="xl73" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">Jl. Raya Karangagan Km1, Puspasari,Citeureup,Bogor. 16810</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15pt;" align="center" height="20"> <td colspan="4" class="xl73" style="height: 15pt;" height="20">dgchem06@yahoo.co.id / dgchem06@gmail.com</td> </tr> </tbody></table>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-14399054857166184202012-04-08T19:48:00.002-07:002012-04-08T20:11:00.186-07:00Cost and Performance When Tires Are Manufactured With an Increase in Recycled Content by Nevada Automotive Test Center Carson City, Nevada<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Trade-Offs and Variables Such as Cost and Performance When Tires Are Manufactured With an Increase in Recycled Content</span></span><br /></div><br />Ambient processing of ground tire rubber usually produces crumb rubber supplies of 10 to 40 mesh and is the least expensive recycled rubber on the market. Cryogenically ground rubber is available from 40 mesh in size and finer, but at increased cost compared to ambient grinding. Klingensmith and Barnawal [5] have suggested, however, that in large-scale production, prices may be comparable. However, given the recent rise in energy prices, it is unlikely that these costs are comparable even in large-scale production.<br /><br />Major manufacturers generally indicate that they have successfully been able to incorporate approximately 5 percent by weight of crumb rubber into new tires, primarily for the passenger car, van, and light-truck tires.<br /><br />Adding crumb rubber to a virgin compound is reported to have the effect of lowering the physical properties by approximately 10 to 15 percent. Once the initial reduction in these properties occurs, the physical properties are largely retained at that same level [45]. Ryan [45] concluded that there is an initial reduction of in modulus upon introduction of the recycled rubber particles, but the value then remains constant. However, the increase in modulus for the treated rubber manifested poor to unacceptable levels of process ability (reduced scorching time). Chandra and Pillai [46] concluded that in addition to the physical properties that impact the performance of tires with increased recycled content, the savings are not significant enough to merit the effort of introducing recycled materials into tire formulations in larger volumes.<br /><br />The addition of recycled rubber to virgin rubber compounds generally lowers tensile strength and fatigue resistance, and it reduces air and moisture impermeability [13]. Air and moisture impermeability are critical safety considerations within the tire system. Air and moisture migration produce separations within the tire structure which can result in 1 9 unpredicted catastrophic tire failures during operation. Tables 2a5b illustrate the tradeoff in mechanical properties, at the rubber compound level, associated with the use of recycled content.<br /><br />While tensile strength and fatigue resistance are achieved at a compound level, their economic feasibility as part of a new tire was not discussed. Reports available reveal that the research that has been conducted is primarily evaluating the performance of rubber compounds with recycled content to those with virgin ingredients, and not as a complete tire system.<br /><br />Since there is no published performance data for tires with treated or untreated rubber recycled, the findings are inconclusive in identifying the most suitable approach to incorporate recycled rubber into the tire compounds. Further research beyond a paper study is required.<br /><br />It is reported by many researchers that the use of crumb rubber resulted in a higher curing rate, suggesting that it may play the role of process accelerator. This indicates a potential for the use of crumb rubber as a substitute for expensive curative ingredients, such as zinc oxide.<br /><br />Tread compounds for tires require acceptable properties in abrasion resistance, wet and dry frictional values, cutting and cracking growth resistance, and low hysteresis to minimize internal heat generation and rolling resistance. Tire rolling resistance reduction is one of the factors considered in tire design that can also have a significant impact on the environment. Higher rolling resistance can produce poorer fuel economy (a 10 to 20 percent increase in some cases).<br /><br />The tradeoff between fuel economy and vehicle design factors, such as comfort, noise suppression, and road adhesion, will require that these factors do not dominate the importance of the rolling resistance. The thrust of research activity to reduce energy loss due to rolling resistance, can be categorized as follows [4750]:<br /><br />• Tire material properties.<br />• Tire construction.<br />• Road and tire/vehicle interaction.<br /><br />In general, the addition of crumb rubber into a virgin compound increases hysteresis. Increase in hysteresis is manifested as increased internal heat generation and thereby increased rolling resistance. Therefore, the use of crumb rubber is generally limited to areas of the tire that have reduced flexure. The internal resilience/hysteresis characteristics of typical tire rubber compounds, including the casing and materials themselves, generate heat. Due to the poor thermal conductivity of rubber, this heat causes temperatures within the structure to rise rapidly to levels that can lead to total disintegration of the tire. The failure can result in conditions such as bond failure, reduced tear strength of the tread rubber, and actual charring or<br />melting of the casing cords.<br /><br />The control of heat generation within a tire of any type is essential as maximum speed or worst-case operating conditions are approached. As discussed previously, tires with recycled content manifest higher internal heat generation compared to the virgin compounds they replace. Therefore, the use of tires with recycled content will generally be limited to the low end of the performance requirements, including reduced life span, 2 0 until the recovery methods can produce recycled content comparable to the virgin ingredients.<br /><br />Under Chapter 912, Statutes of 2001 (Sher, Senate Bill 1170) [51], the California Energy Commission is mandated to make recommendations on a California State Fuel-Efficient Tire Program. There is an inherent competition among the different programs sponsored by the State of California, where the coordination of efforts among the State agencies is vital for optimum outcome.<br /><br />With the effort of so many companies and recycling firms trying to develop new uses for waste tires, the result has been many new and expanded uses. Therefore, if the costeffectiveness of alternate uses for waste tires continues to be more attractive, the economic incentive to continue the research required to increase the recycled content in new tires will remain limited.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Tire Manufacturers and Their Locations Worldwide and Manufacturers Who Have Used Recycled Content in Tires<br /></span></div><br />The global distribution of tire manufacturers is included as Appendix A. The data was extracted from an article in Rubber and Plastic News, Global Tire Report, 2001 [52]. The listing is divided into seven geographical regions: North America, comprising of the United States and Canada; Latin America, including Mexico, Central America, and South America; Europe, including Russia and most of the former Soviet Bloc nations; Asia, including India, Japan, the Pacific Rim, and former states of the Soviet Union located in Asia; Africa and the Middle East; and Australia and New Zealand. Within each region, tire makers are listed by country.<br /><br />The major manufacturers in the U.S. indicate that they are making an ongoing effort to increase the recycled content of new tires. The general consensus in the industry is that up to 5 percent recycled content is accepted as reasonable. However, data associated with the number of tires produced with recycled content is considered proprietary. Some manufacturers indicated that they do not keep track of such data and/or do not compile it for public consumption. NATC primarily depended on published reports and its historic contacts that have been in the industry in establishing the summary of tire manufacturers activities with respect to recycled content. NATC approached RMA for information on recycled content practices by RMAs member tire manufacturers. NATC received a response from RMA indicating that they do not provide names of contact personnel of its members. NATC then contacted individual tire manufacturer representatives affiliated with RMA and obtained response from limited contacts.<br /><br />A subsequent request that directly originated from CIWMB has resulted in the following responses. The responses obtained from these contacts indicate that the activity towards increasing the recycled content is very limited. Letters and emails were sent to many of the major tire manufacturers in the United States. Each manufacturer was asked whether their tires contained recycled content and specified waste tires as the source of the recycled content. The following excerpts are taken from responses submitted to CIWMB:<br /><br />Toyo TiresNo, they are all new rubber tires. The only recycling we use in our tires are from parts that have not been distributed or used and are still in our factories. 2 1 However, we do have other rubber products that are not handled in this department that use recycled rubber in their construction. Michelin of North America, Inc. (MNA) MNA does use some recycled rubber in the manufacture of some of its products. This includes rubber from used tires as well as rubber that is recouped during the manufacturing process. We dont want to give you the impression that MNA is using old tires from scrap piles in making any of its new tires. We dont. We do however regularly recycle the inner liner rubber from some postconsumer used tires.<br />Goodyear Tire and Rubber CompanyOur tires do not contain any rubber from waste tires.<br />Yokohama Tires—Yes: Various Yokohama tires sold in the state contain recycled materials. The primary material is reprocessed rubber from used rubber products. The percentage by tire varies, in some cases 1%, in others slightly higher. Bridgestone Firestone—Globally, Bridgestone Corporation utilizes post consumer recycled tire material in various tire lines at varying percentages. The percentages used can vary region-to-region based on the availability and quality of supply of the recycled material. The tire type and its performance requirements also limit the potential percentage usage of recycled material. <br /><br />Generally, the use of recycled tire material in new tires is challenged by the fact that unlike paper, metals, plastics and glass, it is not currently possible to obtain materials from tires that have properties adequately similar to the original materials used in manufacturing tires. Tire rubber materials are highly engineered, with specific qualities of hystereresis and other chemico-physical properties, designed to optimize wet and dry traction, long life, low rolling resistance, comfortable ride responsive handling and performance characteristics, at an affordable cost. Unfortunately, the products currently available from recycled tires do not provide performance-enhancing characteristics; rather they tend to degrade performance. For passenger tires, there are especially detrimental effects on tire wear life and rolling resistance (fuel consumption), therefore, the amount of post-consumer recycled material utilized must necessarily be very limited.<br /><br />Data from European countries show that the Netherlands, Sweden, and Germany have the highest used tire recovery rate (100 percent, 99 percent, and 96 percent, respectively) [6]. However, the data does not show how much of the recovery is directed to the increase of recycled content in new tires.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Comparison of the Use and Amount of Crumb Rubber From Waste Tires in Bias Ply Tires Versus the Use and Amount of Crumb Rubber From Waste Tires in Radial Tires</span></span><br /></div><br /> In general, the amount of crumb rubber that can be used in bias ply tires is higher than the amount that can be incorporated into radial tires. However, the volume of bias ply tires produced has shrunk to a point where no significant impact is realized as a result of incorporating crumb rubber into new bias ply tires. As a result, no data is available comparing the use and amount of crumb rubber in bias and radial tires.<br /><br />The carcass and sidewall design of radial tires requires high strength and endurance properties (for example, tensile strength, shear strength, flex and abrasion and aging resistance). These requirements, to an extent, require the use of materials that have 2 2 precise properties, currently only found in virgin ingredients. Thus, relative to the reduction in the manufacture of bias tires, the increased use of radial ply tires, which have measurably improved longevity and improved fuel economy, has resulted in reduced recycled content per tire.<br /><br />Table 6 shows the breakdown of the ground rubber market. Since the number of bias ply tires produced has shrunk substantially, most or all of the 50 million pounds of crumb rubber used for tire manufacturing was likely recycled into radial tires.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-69504762784349309172012-04-08T19:33:00.004-07:002012-04-08T19:38:41.524-07:00Factors Affecting Both the Costs and Benefits of Increasing the Recycled Content in New Tires by Nevada Automotive Test Center Carson City, Nevada<div style="text-align: justify;">A number of crumb rubber production technologies are available on the market. While an effort is underway to develop a sound technology that is cost-competitive, the tire industry has not yet accepted a technology for wide use in production of new tires.<br /><br />There is an increasing need for waste tire rubber powder of 60-80 mesh and finer to create parts with smoother surfaces. Finer powders also improve the physical properties of rubber compounds and allow for faster mixing times when rubber powder is used as a partial substitute for virgin rubber. However, few techniques have been found that can produce fine tire rubber powder in a manner that meets current cost objectives [44]. To substantially increase the use of crumb rubber in new tires, several factors must be considered:<br /><br />• A reliable source of crumb rubber with consistent physical characteristics such as<br />size, shape, and surface texture. Equally significant is the consistency in the chemical<br />composition of the ground rubber. Because of the great differences in rubber<br />compounding between all of the tires in the waste stream, this remains a significant<br />challenge.<br /><br />• Waste tire recycling involves tire collection, transportation, and processing of waste tires, raw materials, blend treatment, and separation technology. The logistics of collecting and transporting waste tires to processing plantsor transporting processed rubber to tire manufacturing plantsin a timely manner is considered one of the cost determinants. Identifying new-tire sellers as the turning point for tires to be recycled helps close the transportation loop. Tire sellers, already familiar with tire requirements can support the grading and identification of tires, which are appropriate for recycling to new tires as opposed to tires, which are more appropriately used for fuels or other uses.<br /><br />• Maintaining consistency in crumb rubbers for use in new tires has been difficult, primarily because of the many compounds used in tires.<br /><br />• The processing methods must be consistent in the way the crumb rubber is produced. The same is true for the mixing of ingredients and tire building. The performance characteristics of the crumb rubber compounds must be equivalent to the virgin compounds they are replacing or be able to be integrated in a manner which does not adversely impact the overall system performance of the tire.<br /><br />• Economic incentives need to be in place, particularly in the development of new technology, to produce high-quality crumb rubber. High-value products that are competitive in pricing and performance must be derived as a raw material from the waste tires. 1 8<br /><br />• The low price of virgin rubber, its availability, and many years of utilizing virgin rubber materials determines the maximum cost that can be charged for crumb rubber. Significant capital investments have been made by tire manufacturers to process virgin rubber in their manufacturing plants. The processing costs are not eliminated by using recycled rubber.<br /><br />• Development of new tire designs that can accommodate a higher percentage of recycled content without sacrificing tire performance or reliability. The factors listed above need to be considered in developing a feasible approach to increasing recycled content in new tires. Most ongoing research is focused on addressing the technical feasibility at a development level and does not address the commercialization aspect of the methods and processes developed. Commercial processes are highly proprietary and therefore additional efforts with tire manufacturers and recycling companies will be required to implement effective solutions. Ford and Michelin estimate that recycling waste tires back into new tires (with the use of recycled rubber at a rate of 10 percent) could cut the number of tires going into the landfills by approximately 33 million tires annually, or 12 percent of the approximately 281 million waste tires generated in 2001 (nationwide annual waste tire generated is assumed as approximately one tire per capita).</div>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-42727356359013206042012-04-08T19:27:00.000-07:002012-04-08T19:32:13.149-07:00Reclaiming<div style="text-align: justify;">The reclaiming procedure consists of two steps: The waste rubber is first chopped into pieces and ground into fine particles, known as crumb rubber. In the second step, the crumb is subjected to heat in the presence of chemicals and then followed by friction milling [14]. Reclaim was widely used in tire compounding for lower cost, improving processing and fatigue resistance. However, due the need for strength and abrasion resistance requirements, reclaim is not use in radial tires [37]. For the traditional rubber reclaim, crumb rubber is mixed with water, oil, and chemicals, and is then heated under pressure. During this process, the carbon-sulfur bonds are ruptured and the rubber becomes mostly devulcanized; it is then capable of being shaped into slabs [15]. According to Khait, tire manufacturers use these slabs as an alternative to virgin rubber for reuse in new tires or as an ingredient in other rubber products. Because reclaimed rubber has reduced elasticity, it is currently used for only about five percent of all new-tire production [15]. In the past, large quantities of whole tire tread peel, tubes, and other products were reclaimed using various reclaiming agents [6]. As much as 700 million pounds of reclaimed rubber was reported used in the U.S. in the 1950s [37]. When environmental regulations tightened and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) prices lowered, the result was an almost complete elimination of reclaim in the country [5]. The use of reclaim is primarily limited to bias ply tires [7]. At present there are two reclaimers in the U.S. These are U.S. Rubber in Vicksburg, Mississippi, and TRC in Stow, Ohio. There are reclaimers in the Netherlands, Russia, Romania, India, Mexico, Korea, and several other countries [37]. Reclaims are currently used in mats, bumpers, chocks, lowperformance tires, and other low-dynamic-stress rubber articles [37].</div>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-41850360304995092562012-04-08T19:18:00.001-07:002012-04-08T19:21:13.202-07:00Increasing the Recycled Content in New Tires by Nevada Automotive Test Center Carson City, Nevada Zero<div style="text-align: justify;">According to the Scrap Tire Management Council (STMC), over the past 10 years, the recycled content in new tires has increased from 0.5 percent to 5 percent by weight. In some cases, incorporating either recycled content or factory excess of up to 10 to 15 percent in new tires was reported as technically feasible, without adversely affecting the performance characteristics of tires. Previously quoted values of 15 to 25 percent recycled content being feasible without affecting performance could not be verified at the time this report was written. Furthermore, the data indicated that once recycled content reached certain levels, the lifespan of a new tire could be adversely affected. Moreover, in a study conducted by Continental Tire North America (CTNA) for the North Carolina Division of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR), CTNA formulated compounds with up to 13.6 percent recycled content but concluded the tires may not be commercially viable due to reduced tread life and wet traction, as well as higher rolling resistance [58]. Finally, other factors such as economics (for example, transportation costs, energy cost, and low price of virgin rubber), availability of supplies, and crumb rubber quality limited recycled content to about 5 percent or under (by weight).</div>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-31554434029660603502012-04-08T01:14:00.001-07:002012-04-08T01:14:58.413-07:00Rubber Powder and Reclaimed Rubber<span id="result_box" class="" lang="en"><span class="hps">Recycle</span> <span class="hps">Rubber</span> <span class="hps">is the answer</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">in the</span> <span class="hps">fight against</span> <span class="hps">global</span> <span class="hps">competition</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">where the use</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">in accordance with the</span> <span class="hps">demands of</span> <span class="hps">quality</span> <span class="hps">is the</span> <span class="hps">basis of</span> <span class="hps">its use</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">do not delay</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">give it a try</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">because it</span> <span class="hps">does not offer</span> <span class="hps">produks</span> <span class="hps">dayaguna</span> <span class="hps">Reclaimed</span> <span class="hps">Rubber</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Rubber</span> <span class="hps">Powder</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">not</span> <span class="hps">qualified</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">we</span> <span class="hps">know</span> <span class="hps">the exact</span> <span class="hps">risks</span> <span class="hps">from the use of</span> <span class="hps">goods</span> <span class="hps">that are not</span> <span class="hps">recommended</span> <span class="hps">by the</span> <span class="hps">test</span> <span class="hps">laboratory</span><span>.</span><br /><br /><span class="hps">Opposed to</span> <span class="hps">business</span> <span class="hps">competition</span> <span class="hps">with the calculation of</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">quality of</span> <span class="hps">Recycle</span> <span class="hps">Rubber</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">the answer</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">We are very</span> <span class="hps">concert</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">quality</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">do not hesitate</span> <span class="hps">to contact us</span> <span class="hps">if</span> <span class="hps">you</span> <span class="hps">need us</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">we</span> <span class="hps">will</span> <span class="hps">gladly</span> <span class="hps">assist</span> <span class="hps">you</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">We</span> <span class="hps">do not</span> <span class="hps">forget</span> <span class="hps">the trust that</span> <span class="hps">you</span> <span class="hps">provide to us</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">cooperation</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">we</span> <span class="hps">thank</span> <span class="hps">you very much</span><span>.</span></span>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-31718257591630014912012-04-07T21:24:00.001-07:002012-04-08T01:57:32.825-07:00Surface Modification<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7D2cjeZ75WD8dOTHoNihSsd76d2X-jrGWGQnT1h_DzKy8NaCBrCPKqzp_pH1bYijjmi5Be2GxzZkmhrCznpVzLysNuvy-etrq5iPrcFLbVURG_VNxw4uvIdQK9aoMJRY5_H-XfivWNP2E/s1600/Surfcace+Modification+for+GTR-1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 274px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7D2cjeZ75WD8dOTHoNihSsd76d2X-jrGWGQnT1h_DzKy8NaCBrCPKqzp_pH1bYijjmi5Be2GxzZkmhrCznpVzLysNuvy-etrq5iPrcFLbVURG_VNxw4uvIdQK9aoMJRY5_H-XfivWNP2E/s400/Surfcace+Modification+for+GTR-1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5728888545156234018" border="0" /></a>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456458956511485077.post-92121663171146708412012-04-07T19:49:00.009-07:002012-04-07T21:08:48.690-07:00TES LAB RUBBER POWDER<span style="font-weight: bold;">1. RP STP BPTT </span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUCwvXU00w7YoQEtGhI8nGYwoadGmpE_Am-M9onav6tSb2k96WjbDQppWNNxV0hTqAJ5KNRrSwMTYik0BI-Hk4hePzhwF3m7KvDLyFzZu1pUfFF3ENk4PXF2_gO19UNDLt_W-9BkPbNhz-/s1600/RP+STP+BPTT+1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUCwvXU00w7YoQEtGhI8nGYwoadGmpE_Am-M9onav6tSb2k96WjbDQppWNNxV0hTqAJ5KNRrSwMTYik0BI-Hk4hePzhwF3m7KvDLyFzZu1pUfFF3ENk4PXF2_gO19UNDLt_W-9BkPbNhz-/s320/RP+STP+BPTT+1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5728865935882675266" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLCx5ftyqrpUogXZqkdHn8GvDIKpoxJIKmznOU6eGXnJoeUaIabBn5OaVcrwjL24lGngePDgyQQ5HiCBccd4ci5Pv2wrp4WHlitzxS7ksRwK_erUZi6_wndKIv6WFaDwYphZbrdSYWRNrK/s1600/RP+STP+BPTT+2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 230px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLCx5ftyqrpUogXZqkdHn8GvDIKpoxJIKmznOU6eGXnJoeUaIabBn5OaVcrwjL24lGngePDgyQQ5HiCBccd4ci5Pv2wrp4WHlitzxS7ksRwK_erUZi6_wndKIv6WFaDwYphZbrdSYWRNrK/s320/RP+STP+BPTT+2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5728867531919248098" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. CoA RP40M BPTK</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Metal cont BPTK</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJYSZPgr_WuxVPHAfP_qFPVAl-afx9-15KKxUFeijCHr5YBA67KN8wQM7HBMGd_IdHkuUqjd7R-uiw3p_5bzAKc9YEuNif9WZyJxA5BPiA8xG7QqkvT7IYDigs7sr5sBtCmtfkPi4mChLY/s1600/CoA+RP40M+BPTK.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 227px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJYSZPgr_WuxVPHAfP_qFPVAl-afx9-15KKxUFeijCHr5YBA67KN8wQM7HBMGd_IdHkuUqjd7R-uiw3p_5bzAKc9YEuNif9WZyJxA5BPiA8xG7QqkvT7IYDigs7sr5sBtCmtfkPi4mChLY/s320/CoA+RP40M+BPTK.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5728858438689226962" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxshDKP9kJSbEtHon4r6G-Z15jKOp6_yOSBo31GoD9yFQGfWKGGhdPSckHScG-z0clyYRmB0V2vLRopHpWM-dn8rNsWrT3ayXfUm1m8-aXagqrDIgWPc1LtLezGVBru0DODHrikzxd7EKq/s1600/Metal+cont+BPTK.jpg"> <img style="cursor: pointer; width: 233px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxshDKP9kJSbEtHon4r6G-Z15jKOp6_yOSBo31GoD9yFQGfWKGGhdPSckHScG-z0clyYRmB0V2vLRopHpWM-dn8rNsWrT3ayXfUm1m8-aXagqrDIgWPc1LtLezGVBru0DODHrikzxd7EKq/s320/Metal+cont+BPTK.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5728861450467977554" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. RP Analysis </span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpr9vI0s9sW_qrKzA_YotPgLmCInyiOBXoC-WZuVksLNltG3vNie8Q9k-xfXpk18fgiZbVcJEYXAQU3ETGZZsAJKwYU-5j0JSyODzMAx-EyVITXuvRpJ80zKe2sOVtuF4nkqYAY5L05BtQ/s1600/RP+Analysis.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 404px; height: 554px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpr9vI0s9sW_qrKzA_YotPgLmCInyiOBXoC-WZuVksLNltG3vNie8Q9k-xfXpk18fgiZbVcJEYXAQU3ETGZZsAJKwYU-5j0JSyODzMAx-EyVITXuvRpJ80zKe2sOVtuF4nkqYAY5L05BtQ/s320/RP+Analysis.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5728870294742513746" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> 5. Test Comp RP40M-1</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRLnS9laCsLU6atpPQvzHxnmUOf3uQpEZtqKOKMidp5Fg3GDqgDgwUXyJUzlkooWmRIzQkIY9lERsjB9UMl4RHTNYi6e3n0vopdPl1i9bFv6fol5IgltdWFwNTslyMVRTBnVpbk7ybq_LR/s1600/Test+Comp+RP40M-1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 343px; height: 484px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRLnS9laCsLU6atpPQvzHxnmUOf3uQpEZtqKOKMidp5Fg3GDqgDgwUXyJUzlkooWmRIzQkIY9lERsjB9UMl4RHTNYi6e3n0vopdPl1i9bFv6fol5IgltdWFwNTslyMVRTBnVpbk7ybq_LR/s400/Test+Comp+RP40M-1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5728872505916570722" border="0" /></a>CV DAYAGUNAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15592711916572197687noreply@blogger.com0